ESSAY - Examine sociological explanations for the lower...

Homework Essay Question – Mrs Young 8th November 2013 ESSAY QUESTION: ‘Examine Sociological explanations for the lower rates of recorded crime in rural compared to urban areas’†¦ A group of sociologists based in Chicago became known as Chicago School, and they argued that the growth of cities produced distinctive neighbourhoods, each with its own characteristic lifestyle. Shaw and McKay applied this perspective to their study of delinquency. Statistics from their study shows that 9.8% of crimes committed are usually found in the Central Business District (CBD). However, British sociologists criticize these findings as when they repeated the same study in Britain, they found that British crime patterns are more scattered and†¦show more content†¦Recorded offender rates for Gardenia were 300% higher than Stonewall. There was little or no difference between the two estates in terms of ethnicity, class, age, gender, income and employment. Baldwin and Bottom suggest that the reason why there could be more crime in one estate than the other (both found in the same are) is because of the ‘tipping’ process. Once Gardenia had ‘tippedâ€℠¢, it had appeared to influence the council’s housing policy. Those with severe housing needs were allocated to Gardenia and were also most at risk of crime. Over time, Gardenia developed a negative reputation which resulted in some residents leaving and others refusing to move onto the estate. Marshall and Johnson also point out that rural areas are more ‘close knit’, with higher levels of social interaction between people in the area, including kin relationships. People are likely to know other members of the community and are therefore more ‘intouch’ with their communities. Wilson and Kelling agree also and suggest that the ‘tipping’ process starts when informal social control is breaking down. They are more likely to break down when buildings are left in a state of disrepair. When these acts of deviance are left to go on, the noise levels increase, vandalism grows and more windows get broken. These neighbourhoods then tip into declin e and property values plummet, law abiding members of the community are afraid to go out, many of them leave the neighbourhood, informal socialShow MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesRevisited David M. Scobey, Empire City: The Making and Meaning of the New York City Landscape Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography Allida M. Black, ed., Modern American Queer History Eric Sandweiss, St. Louis: The Evolution of an American Urban Landscape Sam Wineburg, Historical Thinking and Other Unnatural Acts: Charting the Future of Teaching the Past Sharon Hartman Strom, Political Woman: Florence Luscomb and the Legacy of Radical Reform Michael Adas, ed., Agricultural and PastoralRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesmisbehaviour? Complexity and the problem of implementation Three types of formal control Bureaucratic control Output control Cultural control The new wave in action: managing cultural change A theoretical explanation of a possible shift in control: A new historical configuration? An alternative theoretical explanation: movements in managerial discourse? The theoretical origins of new-wave theory Conclusions 148 148 150 152 152 153 156 159 159 160 161 164 171 176 179 186 . x Contents ChapterRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesof Ethical Voice 526 xviii CONTENTS S A L Self-Assessment Library How Spiritual Am I? 531 Point/Counterpoint Organizations Should Strive to Create a Positive Organizational Culture 534 Questions for Review 535 Experiential Exercise Rate Your Classroom Culture 535 Ethical Dilemma A Bankrupt Culture 536 Case Incident 1 Mergers Don’t Always Lead to Culture Clashes 536 Case Incident 2 Did Toyota’s Culture Cause Its Problems? 537 17 Human Resource Policies and Practices 543

Comprehensive Sex Ed. Programs vs. Abstinence Only...

Comprehensive Sex Ed. Programs vs. Abstinence Only Programs Sexual education programs taught in high schools nationwide would be much more effective if instead of focusing exclusively on abstinence only programs, they taught a much more comprehensive program, which informed the adolescents how to be safe when it comes to dealing with sexual activities. Abstinence only programs are the widely favored programs of the past and of present time, but now more and more adults are starting to believe their children would be better educated if they were involved in a more comprehensive program, that not only emphasized the teachings of abstinence but taught their children how to be safe, and how to deal with the consequences of their sexual†¦show more content†¦However, these ideas do not teach the students who have already had sex or participated in sexual activities, or those students that do not believe waiting until marriage is right for them how to be safe. It is basically information that is going in one ear and out the other. If these programs also taught the students information on contraceptives and how to deal with consequences, at least the parents know that their kids have the information on how to be safe. Abstinence only programs are state funded. Many of the nation’s tax dollars go out to teach these programs. Although, it is good that the money is being given to support some sort of Sex Ed program, many people are starting to believe that their tax dollars should go to support the program they choose which many times is now the comprehensive sex ed program. The opposing program to abstinence only programs is the comprehensive sex education program. This program does not focus on abstinence only, but teaches the students about contraceptives and how to be safe when involving themselves in sexual activities. â€Å"Substantial evidence of theShow MoreRelatedSexual Education And Sex Ed1697 Words   |  7 PagesSexual education (sex ed) in public schools has long been a controversial and debated topic in society. There are several questions when it comes to approaching sex ed in schools. These questions include: appropriate age for introducing sex ed; should sex ed be mandatory or optional; and whether sex ed programs should be comprehensive or abstinence-based. Sex ed is a necessary subject to teach in schools. It should be appropriate to the grade level and taught in a knowledgeable, unbiased manner.Read MoreEssay on Abstinence vs. Comprehensive Sex Education1339 Words   |  6 Pagesfunding was put to use in â€Å". . . sex education programs that promote abstinence-only-until-marriage to the exclusion of all other approaches . . .† according to the article â€Å"Sex education† (2010) published by â€Å"Opposing Viewpoints in Context;† a website that spec ializes in covering social issues. Since then a muddy controversy has arisen over whether that is the best approach. On one hand is the traditional approach of abstinence (not having sex before marriage), and on the other is the ideaRead MoreAbstinence And Comprehensive Sex Education999 Words   |  4 PagesI lean towards the abstinence side of the argument between abstinence and comprehensive sex education because of my religious beliefs. Although I feel abstinence should be the focus of sex education, I think it is important to teach young people a balance to protect themselves. While researching this topic, it seems that many of the articles have the same idea to teach abstinence along with safe sex which would be comprehensive sex ed. With the rising sexual transmitted diseases and pregnanciesRead MoreThe Debate For Comprehensive Sex Education1212 Words   |  5 PagesThe Debate for Comprehensive Sex Education Across the United States of America there is wide spread support for abstinence-only education. A majority of states require that abstinence-only education be the only form of sexual health education provided, or requires that abstinence be stressed above other forms of sexual education. These highly stressed abstinence-only programs are under fire as research comes out against the efficiency of these programs, and as new forms of sexual health educationRead MoreSex Education : Which Is Better? Essay1718 Words   |  7 Pages Abstinence or Comprehensive Sex Education: Which is better? Sex is in the air, everywhere. It is seen when the television is turned on in the morning, it is used to sell hamburgers and cereal, and is the cornerstone by which we gauge our success. Sex is everywhere and the youth of today need to be equipped to handle it safely. There are two primary paths that can be taken when referring to sexual education: Abstinence or a more comprehensive education. Abstinence educationRead MoreThe Effects Of Sexual Education On Public Schools1702 Words   |  7 Pagesmarriage to have sex. Sexual education taught in public schools does raise a couple of eyebrows because some parents think that young adults should not learn about sex at their age. Sexual education is very important for young adults to either use abstinence or condoms. Sexual education in schools are the proper classes for young adults to know about the different diseases that gets passed around and pregnancy. Social media plays a big role in this generation encouraging young adults that se x is ok whenRead More Abstinence-Only vs. Comprehensive Sex Education Essay2397 Words   |  10 Pagesthe early 1980s the issue of sex education for American youth has had the attention of the nation. There are about 400,000 teen births every year in the U.S, with about 9 billion in associated public costs. STI contraction in general, as well as teen pregnancy, have put the subject even more so on the forefront of the nation’s leading issues. The approach and method for proper and effective sex education has been hotly debated. Some believe that teaching abstinence-only until marriage is the best methodRead MoreSchool Based Sex Education Is Important For Youth1178 Words   |  5 Pages School-Based Sex Education in Youth Sam Thienel English 11 Mrs. Adelman 17 May 2017 School-Based Sex Education in Youth Thesis: School based comprehensive sex education is important for youth because it will help prevent teen pregnancy, the government fully supports sex education in schools, and youth’s parents feel youth should be properly taught sex education. Outline: Prevent teen pregnancy Comprehensive sex program vs. abstinence-only Birth controls role in sex education classesRead MoreEssay on Should Sex Education be Taken Out of Schools?969 Words   |  4 Pagesincreasingly active sex lives. No longer is sex education left to teachers and parents to explain, it is constantly in our faces at the forefront of our society. Regardless of sex education curriculums and debates about possible changes, children and teenagers are still learning everything they think there is to know about sex from very early on in their young lives. However, without responsible adults instructing them on the facts about sex, there are more likely to treat sex in a cavalier and offhandedRead More Abstinence Only Sex Education Essays2119 Words   |  9 Pagesdisparity can be attributed to factors such as income inequality, the presence of abstinence only education has a major impact on birth and STD rates in the United States in comparison to other countries with more comprehensive programs. It is clear that this difference in approache s has a significant effect, and the United States needs to act to ensure the health of its citizens. Urgent actions are necessary because abstinence only education is becoming more popular in the United States and more and more

The Controversy Over Mark Twains The Adventures of...

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain is a controversial book that has raised heated debates across America for the past century. It was ranked fifth most challenging books out of one hundred in the 1990s (Chadwick 2). Although this book is a hot topic, it should remain on shelves, and still be taught in schools. While Huck Finn seems to be only a book of satire, most want this book banned because it is seen as highly racial. â€Å"The reading of Huck Finn is humiliating to back students. It contributes to low self-esteem. Only the insensitive and often unwittingly racist teachers respond ‘This book is a classic’ (Washington post 6).† The use of the word nigger upsets many black students and instigates the other students to use†¦show more content†¦The book is so comical, and lively all the way through. What makes this book so controversial is the fact that the word nigger is used more than 200 times in the book, but Twain simply used the term as they would back then. Can you say anyone dislikes Jim? No, we grow fond of him, perhaps love him. The n-word is not demining (Jones 154). Shelly Fisher Fishkin quotes, â€Å"Huck Finn is the greatest anti-racist novel by an American writer today.† This is proven in chapter XXXIV of Huck Finn when Huck knew helping Jim may get them killed, but he chooses to try to make him a free man. The book possesses good qualities, and morals. Huck could have turned Jim in; but kept him a secret and stayed afloat the river of freedom. We can also learn that our society is not what is seems. Although everyone is of Christian faith, they still own slaves, and are morally bad people. The novel presents a new perspective on today’s society and how it is still very much like Twain’s time. The need to ban this book from shelves and schools should stop. People need to start to embrace this book with meaning and the humor it possesses. The Banned Books Week Club celebrates the F irst Amendment and the freedom to read by posting a list of banned books that society should read, Huck Finn being 6th on the list (Adler7). In schools teachers need to learn how to explain Twain instead of banning his works of literature.Show MoreRelatedMark Twain and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn1575 Words   |  6 Pages Mark Twain and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Controversy Mark Twain, born Samuel Langhorne Clemens, is a highly recognizable figure in American literature. Born in Florida, Missouri Mark Twain and his family moved to Hannibal, Missouri where Twain discovered and fell in love with the mighty Mississippi River. The river and his life in Hannibal became his inspiration and guiding light in most of his writing. Although Twain loved the river and did a great deal of traveling, he eventuallyRead MoreHuckleberry Finn Persuasive Essay1571 Words   |  7 Pagesalmost-right word and the right word is really a large matter- ‘tis the difference between the lightning bug and lightning.†(Mark Twain). Mark Twain, the author of an extraordinary yet controversial novel; The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn had a great way of capturing moments in time and bringing them to life through the use of meaningful and direct diction. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn has been a vexed novel for it s a use of the â€Å"N-word†. However, many scho lars and associations have devised a â€Å"solution†Read MoreRacism of Yesterday and Today Essay1655 Words   |  7 PagesThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn was written by Mark Twain in the middle of the nineteenth century. Much of the inspiration for the book came from Mark Twain’s own encounters. Twain’s experiences as a steamboat pilot from 1835 to 1845 provided a great deal of the historical context for his work. The novel revolves around a southern boy, Huck, and a slave named Jim who both reject society by running away in hopes of finding freedom. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn highlights and portrays theRead MoreMark Twain : Seeing America s Flaws1593 Words   |  7 PagesMark Twain: Seeing America’s Flaws â€Å"You don’t know about me, without you have read a book by the name of The Adventures of Tom Sawyer , but that ain’t no matter. That book was made by Mr. Mark Twain and he told the truth, mainly. There was things he stretched, but mainly he told the truth† (qtd. in Jones 237). That was the very first line in Mark Twain’s controversial book, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Samuel L. Clemens, as a young boy, grew up on the Mississippi and learned the ways of southernRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn787 Words   |  4 PagesIn this journal, both Nicole Amare and Alan Manning criticize the novel, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn through Mormonism. To Amare and Manning, Twain’s fascination of Mormonism and the character’s literary meanings. Furthermore, they claim of Twain’s use of his use of politician names in the stories, which are seen as juxtaposed by Twain in the novel, impact the character Boggs and Governor Lib urn Boggs of Independence, Missouri. However, these uses of political names can be portrayed as simplyRead MoreEssay on Racism in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn576 Words   |  3 PagesMark Twain has always been one of the most controversial authors of all time. Though in recent years, there has been increasing controversy over the ideas expressed in his novel, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. In some extreme cases the novel has even been banned by public school systems and censored by public libraries. The basis for this censorship is the argument that Mark Twains book is racist, but in reality Twain was against racism and used this book to make people aware of what wasRead MoreThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain830 Words   |  3 PagesThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain is â€Å"A Great American Novel†, because of its complexity and richness. Twain writes dialogue that brings his characters to life. He creates characters with unique vo ice and helps the reader connect to the book. Anyone who reads it is forced to develop feelings for each character. Even though there is a great amount of controversy over the use of some choices, such as the â€Å"n word†, it makes the book more realistic. In the beginning of the novel Huck,Read MoreResearch Paper Mark Twain1306 Words   |  6 PagesIsabella Thomaz Donna Hunter - Period 2 Research Paper - Mark Twain October 26, 2012 MARK TWAIN: A REMARKABLE MAN WHO PAINTED THE WORLD â€Å"Classic - a book which people praise and dont read.† When Samuel L. Clemens (more often referred to as Mark Twain) said this, he meant it in a humorous sense, but he also wanted people to understand it’s meaning. People call books like Huck Finn and Gatsby classics, yet the idea that these books are actually read by everyone isn’t so. Twain isn’t justRead MoreRespect The Elderly By Mark Twain1565 Words   |  7 Pagesthe elderly. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is one hundred and thirty years old, yet unfailingly manages to fascinate, infuriate, and inspire its readership. The novel rests on many a bookshelf and regularly appears on lists of literary legends- though it is equally likely to top a list of controversial and profane works. Certainly, there is no other book in the oeuvre of Mark Twain that commands attention more deservedly than Huckleberry Finn. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is the decidedRead More Prejudice and Racism in Huckl eberry Finn Essay1265 Words   |  6 PagesHuckleberry Finn: The Immorality of Racism A majority of people in American society believe that school systems must teach children that racism is morally wrong. Often, however, tension has builds over how to teach this important lesson. Unfortunately, a controversy has built over the teaching of Huckleberry Finn. Although some believe that Mark Twains novel perpetuates racist feelings, in fact Twain uses the characters to demonstrate the immorality of slavery. Miss Watson and Pap

Accounting Regulation free essay sample

Accounting Regulation With the recent accounting discrepancies that have taken place in some of America’s largest and well known corporations greater importance is being placed on the creation and monitoring of financial reports. Some of these organizations which regulate how financial reports and compiled are private, given a charter by a federal agency, others were born from the creation of new laws and regulations, some are state agencies, and many more are private organizations made up of academics and certified public accountants who altruistically want to improve ethics in one’s field of accountancy. These organizations include the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB), the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB), the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), and the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB). Companies which operate within the United States must compile financial reports within the guidelines set forth by the (SEC) and the (FASB); the (FASB) ensures that all companies focus on the characteristics of relevance and reliability when generating financial reports while staying within the guidelines of the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP). We will write a custom essay sample on Accounting Regulation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When companies do not follow these guidelines they can be sanctioned by the (SEC) (Facts about FASB, 2009). The (PCAOB) was granted investigative and disciplinary power by the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002; this act was established as a result of major American corporations falsifying financial data in an attempt to make one’s company appear more profitable than it was. The (PCAOB’s) primary responsibility is to ensure that public accounting firms conduct regular audits of internal controls and to evaluate the consistency of published financial statements. The (IASB) is a global regulatory body which is an offshoot of the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS); the (IFRS) sets standards for financial reporting for small to medium businesses which make up approximately 95% of the companies worldwide (IFRS for SMEs, 2009). The (IASB) has no enforceable power to discipline organizations who do not adhere to financial reporting guidelines, however, when violations are discovered the (IASB) reports all discrepancies to the (IFRS) which will make a determination as to the validity of the violation and take disciplinary action. While there are a number of federal and international accounting regulatory organizations, the foundation for good accounting ethics occurs at local or state levels. In he United States there are accountancy boards for every state which anyone wishing to become a certified public accountant (CPA) must register and pass a battery of exams in order to obtain a license to work as an accountant. The California Board of Accountancy (CBA) in addition to testing and licensing new accountants also provides people looking for an accountant a forum to check on the status of an accountant’s license, whether they are authorized to sign reports on attest engagements, ant to view any discip linary action taken against a particular accountant (Web License Status Lookup Information, 2009). The (CBA) is granted authority by the California Accountancy Act and works to protect the public interest by regulating the accountancy profession minimizing substandard practices, investigating complaints against accountants, and when necessary, taking legal action against those who do not follow proper (GAAP) guidelines. With all problems come opportunities, and with the discrepancies in financial reporting in recent history, an opportunity has arisen to reform accounting policies and procedures. There is currently a shift in most western countries for a set of international accounting standards for companies all around the world to abide by and in this age of global commerce and multinational corporations will only improve the accuracy of financial reports.

Why Is the Investment Appraisal Process so Important Essay Example For Students

Why Is the Investment Appraisal Process so Important? Essay A) Why is the investment appraisal process so important? Capital Investment Appraisal is of fundamental importance because: 1. Large Amount of Company Resources: Involvement of large amount of company resources and efforts which will necessitate careful evaluation to be undertaken before a decision is reached. 2. Maximization of Shareholder wealth: Investment decision is linked with strategic and tactical business decisions and therefore need to achieve desired long-term objectives. The most usual objective being the maximization of shareholder wealth. . Difficult to Reserve: It can be very expensive and perplex to reserve an investment decision so caution need to be exercised in reaching the initial investment decision. 4. High Risk Involvement: Projected future benefits and costs are hard to forecast. As a result, the risk and uncertainty of undertaking medium to long-term investment can be high. B) What is the payback period of each project? If AP Ltd imposes a three year maximum payback period which of these projects should be accepted? Payback period for project A:- | | | |YR |NCF |CF | |1 |20 |20 | |2 |30 |50 | |3 |40 |90 |4 |50 |140 | |5 |70 |210 | Payback period of project A = 3 + 20/50 = 3 + 0. 4 = 3. 4 yrs, i. e. , 3yrs 4. 8 months. Payback period for project B:- | | | |YR |NCF |CF | |1 |40 |40 | |2 |40 |80 | |3 |40 |120 | |4 |40 |160 | |5 |40 |200 | Payback period of project B = 2 + 30/40 = 2 + 0. 75 = 2. 75 yrs, i. e. , 2yrs 9 months. When examining two new investment projects of AP Ltd, as in the case of projects A and B, the usual decision is to accept the one with the shortest payback, assuming the payback period satisfies some preconceived target. However, when only one investment opportunity is being examined, the payback of that opportunity will be compared with a target payback. We will write a custom essay on Why Is the Investment Appraisal Process so Important? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now This concept of a target payback could be employed in the case of projects A and B above. The payback target is 3 years, so project B should be accepted because it pays back after 2 years 9 months where as project A payback only after 3 years and 4. 8 months which is more than the target. The longer the time period for receipt of cash, the greater the risk. C) What are the criticisms of the payback period? Payback is the number of years it takes to recover the initial investment. It is expressed in time or years. It is normally defined as the period, usually expressed in years, which it takes the cash inflows from an investment project to equal the cast outflows. There are three important criticisms of the payback period method. The first is clearly fundamental and relates to the fact that cash flows after the payback period are ignored. So it could be the case that whilst a project produces a large net cash flow (i. e. , where cash inflows significantly exceed outflows), they are generated in the later part of the project and may be ignored as this is after the payback period. For example, in the case of project A and B in this question , project B was preferred because of its shorter payback period, but overall project A generates more cash inflows, totaling ? 2,10,000 as compared to only ? 2,00,000 in the case of project B. However, project A`s cash inflows were mainly earned in the later years. The second criticism of the payback method is that it relates to the method not taking account of the time value of money, similarly to the ARR. However, it does not have value in situations where the useful life of the project is short and difficult to predict. Japanese firms, particularly in consumer electronics, use the payback method when evaluating new products since the product life cycle can be quite short and a new product can be made unexpectedly obsolete by changes in technology. For example, imagine we have to choose between two alternatives that each require an initial investment of ? 4000. Option A returns ? 1000 at the end of fourth year. Option B returns ? 4000 at the end of fourth year. Under the payback method, option A and option B are equally preferable. However, that option A is really better since the cash flows come earlier. Now if we add the information to 5 years, then, option A will produce an additional cash inflow of ? 5, 00,000. But option B will never generate another pound after the fourth year. So the payback method ignores the time value of money and does not measure profitability. It just measures the time required to recapture the original investment. The third criticism of the payback method is that the selection of the maximum acceptable payback period is arbitrary. D) Determine the NPV for each of these projects? Should they be accepted – explain why? Year |Project A |Project B | |0 |(110) |(110) | |1 |20 |40 | |2 |30 |40 | |3 |40 |40 | |4 |50 |40 | |5 |70 |40 | Project A |Year |Cash flow(? 000) |Discount Factor |PV | | | |@12% | | |1 |20 |0. 892 |17. 4 | |2 |30 |0. 797 |23. 91 | |3 |40 |0. 711 |28. 44 | |4 |50 |0. 635 |31. 75 | |5 | 70 |0. 567 |39. 69 | | | | |141. 63 | | | | |(110. 0) | | | | |31. 63 | [emailprotected]% = 31. 63 Project B |year |Cash Flow(? 000) |Discount factor @12% |PV | |1 |40 |0. 892 |35. 68 | |2 |40 |0. 797 |31. 88 | |3 |40 |0. 711 |28. 4 | |4 |40 |0. 635 |25. 40 | |5 |40 |0. 567 |22. 68 | | | | |144. 14 | | | | |(110. 00) | | | | |34. 14 | [emailprotected]% =34. 14 .u8ef473007c4c68585c547f78bad07da5 , .u8ef473007c4c68585c547f78bad07da5 .postImageUrl , .u8ef473007c4c68585c547f78bad07da5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8ef473007c4c68585c547f78bad07da5 , .u8ef473007c4c68585c547f78bad07da5:hover , .u8ef473007c4c68585c547f78bad07da5:visited , .u8ef473007c4c68585c547f78bad07da5:active { border:0!important; } .u8ef473007c4c68585c547f78bad07da5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8ef473007c4c68585c547f78bad07da5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8ef473007c4c68585c547f78bad07da5:active , .u8ef473007c4c68585c547f78bad07da5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8ef473007c4c68585c547f78bad07da5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8ef473007c4c68585c547f78bad07da5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8ef473007c4c68585c547f78bad07da5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8ef473007c4c68585c547f78bad07da5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8ef473007c4c68585c547f78bad07da5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8ef473007c4c68585c547f78bad07da5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8ef473007c4c68585c547f78bad07da5 .u8ef473007c4c68585c547f78bad07da5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8ef473007c4c68585c547f78bad07da5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Martin Luther King Jr EssayHere project B should be accepted. Because, NPV of project B is higher than the NPV of project A. NPV is present value of future cash flow. If any NPV value is high, it means, NPV increases the wealth of ordinary share holders and selection of projects on an NPV basis is consistent with this object. NPV is considered to be highly acceptable method of capital appraisal. It takes into account the timing of the net cash flows, the project’s profitability and the return of the original investment. Project B is fulfilling above those things. Hence, project B is suitable for our capital investment appraisal. E) Describe the logic behind the NPV approach. NPV, Net Present Value, allows us to value a company’s assets at their correct current value, normally end of the year and when the accounts are prepared. The calculation of NPV takes into account the assets original cost, less all accumulated depreciation allowed against that asset in previous tax computations. To make long term investment like purchasing land, buildings, machinery a firm have to earn an income greater than the fund committed. In order to handle these decisions, firms have to make an assessment of the size of the out flow and the inflows of the funds. One of the most important steps in the capital budgeting cycle is working out if the benefits of investing large capital sums outweigh the cost of these investments. Business organization can used two ways. ) traditional methods and 2) discounted cash flow techniques. The Net Present Value is the Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) which relies on the concept of opportunity cost to place a value on cash inflows arising f rom capital investment. (F) What would happen to the NPV if: (1) The cost of capital increased? (2) The cost of capital decreased? (1)IF COST OF CAPITAL IS INCREASED: Cost of capital has indirect effect on NPV, i. e. if the cost of capital is increased NPV will decreased, now to explain it in a better way, consider the example in the above part of the report, if we increase the cost of capital from 12% to 15% the NPV goes down instantly from 31. 75 to 19. 76. Although, even at this NPV project still seems to be feasible, but as it is clear that by increasing the cost of capital NPV decreases. This might result the company to end up with low cash flow as well. (2)IF COST OF CAPITAL IS DECREASED: Now if we decrease the cost of capital, it will have a positive effect on NPV, i. e. if the cost of capital is decreased the NPV will increased, consider the same example, if the cost of capital is lowered from 12% to 10% NPV will come down from 31. 75 to 40. 63, thus increasing the cash flows of the company and making the project much more feasible and interesting for the investors, it is very important to mention that it the company’s management who decide what will be the cost of capital. The cost of capital is settle by the management and several issues are consider while making this decision like cash flows, project life payback time etc. G) Determine the IRR for each project. Should they be accepted? PROJECT A YearsNCFDiscount Factor 20%PV 1200,833316. 666 2300,694420. 832 3400,578723. 148 4500,482324. 115 5700,401928. 133 TPV = 112. 894 NPV at 20% = 112. 894 – 110. 000 = ? 2. 894 NPV at 20% = ? 2. 894 YearsNCFDiscount Factor 23%PV 1200,813016. 260 2300,660919. 827 3400,537321. 492 4500,436821. 840 5700,355224. 864 TPV = 104. 283 NPV at 23% = 104. 283 – 110. 000 = ? (5. 717) NPV at 23% = ? (5. 717) IRR = 20% + 2. 894 x (23% 20%) = 2. 894 + 5. 717 IRR = 20% + 0. 01008245 IRR = 20. 10082% ? 20% IRR PROJECT A = 20% PROJECT B YearsNCFDiscount Factor 23%PV 1200,813032. 520 2300,660926. 436 3400,537321. 492 4500,436817. 472 5700,355214. 208 TPV = 112. 128 NPV at 23% = 112. 128 – 110. 000 = ? 2. 128 NPV at 23% = ? 2. 128 YearsNCFDiscount Factor 25%PV 1200,800032. 000 2300,640025. 600 3400,512020. 480 4500,409616. 384 5700,327713. 108 TPV = 107. 572 NPV at 25% = 107. 572 – 110. 000 = ? (2. 428) NPV at 25% = ? (2. 428) IRR = 23% + 2. 128 x (23% 25%) = 2. 218 + 2. 428 IRR = 23% + 0. 00934 IRR = 23. 00934% ? 23% IRR PROJECT B = 23% IRR A = 20% IRR B = 23% IRR ROF Both projects are accepted. .ubf291bef7b68c75f118f50f8110ae91f , .ubf291bef7b68c75f118f50f8110ae91f .postImageUrl , .ubf291bef7b68c75f118f50f8110ae91f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ubf291bef7b68c75f118f50f8110ae91f , .ubf291bef7b68c75f118f50f8110ae91f:hover , .ubf291bef7b68c75f118f50f8110ae91f:visited , .ubf291bef7b68c75f118f50f8110ae91f:active { border:0!important; } .ubf291bef7b68c75f118f50f8110ae91f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ubf291bef7b68c75f118f50f8110ae91f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ubf291bef7b68c75f118f50f8110ae91f:active , .ubf291bef7b68c75f118f50f8110ae91f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ubf291bef7b68c75f118f50f8110ae91f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ubf291bef7b68c75f118f50f8110ae91f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ubf291bef7b68c75f118f50f8110ae91f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ubf291bef7b68c75f118f50f8110ae91f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ubf291bef7b68c75f118f50f8110ae91f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ubf291bef7b68c75f118f50f8110ae91f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ubf291bef7b68c75f118f50f8110ae91f .ubf291bef7b68c75f118f50f8110ae91f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ubf291bef7b68c75f118f50f8110ae91f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Genocide EssayH) How does a change in the cost of capital affect the project’s IRR? The cost of capital is defined as a return which expressed as a percentage that an investor needs to receive on an investment. For example if an investor is looking for a return of 8% on an investment, and if any company giving 8% return on investment then he will invest on that company. But if the company’s initial cost of capital is 6% then the parson will not investment on the company. If the cost of capital is less than the IRR then the project is a good investment. If the cost of capital is larger than the IRR then the project is a bad investment. So a change in the cost of capital changes what a parson’s cut-off is but the actual IRR. I) Why is the NPV method often regarded to be superior to the IRR Method? Superiority of NPV over IRR: The NPV method is new concept as compare to traditional methods i. e. Payback and Accounting Rate of Return (ARR). NPV method discounts the future cash flows linked with the investment project using the cost of capital as the appropriate discount rate. If NPV of required project is positive then we should accept the project and if it is negative then we should not accept the project. However if NPV of any project is zero then we can accept or reject the project it depends on management decision. Normally, to be competitive in market, managers like to accept the project if NPV is zero. Advantages of NPV are: Time Value of Money: It takes account of time of value of money, by discounting the cash flows arising in the future †¢ Cash Flows: takes account of all relevant cash flows †¢ Indicates Clear Decision: provides a clear decision rule concerning acceptance/rejection of a project †¢ Primary Objective: It is consistent with the aim of maximizing shareholder wealth, which is assumed to be the primary objective of any business. As far as Internal Rate of Return is concerned, it is based on the principles of discounting cash flows and will normally give the same accept/reject decisions and will rank investment projects in the same way as the NPV method. Contrary, it has difficulty in handling unconventional cash flows and does not address the issue of wealth maximization. It may give conflicting recommendations to NPV. IRR cannot consider changes in interest rates over the life of a project. It assumes that funds are reinvested at a rate equivalent to the IRR itself, which can be produce unrealistically high. Due to above reasons we can conclude that NPV is superior to IRR. Reference Dyson, J. R (2004). (6th edition) â€Å"Accounting For Non-Accounting Students† Weetman, P, 2006, Management Accounting, Essex, Prentice Hall Lumby, S Jones, C, 2003, Corporate Finance Theory and Practice, London, Thomson Aidan Berry and Robin Jarvis â€Å"Accounting in a Business Context†3rd Edition Printed by: Zrinski dd. , Croatia

The Earths Core - Its Structure and Possible Composition

The Earth's Core - Its Structure and Possible Composition A century ago, science barely knew that the Earth even had a core. Today we are tantalized by the core and its connections with the rest of the planet. Indeed, were at the start of a golden age of core studies. The Cores Gross Shape We knew by the 1890s, from the way Earth responds to the gravity of the Sun and Moon, that the planet has a dense core, probably iron. In 1906 Richard Dixon Oldham found that earthquake waves move through the Earths center much slower than they do through the mantle around it- because the center is liquid. In 1936 Inge Lehmann reported that something reflects seismic waves from within the core. It became clear that the core consists of a thick shell of liquid iron- the outer core- with a smaller, solid inner core at its center. Its solid because at that depth the high pressure overcomes the effect of high temperature. In 2002 Miaki Ishii and Adam Dziewonski of Harvard University published evidence of an innermost inner core some 600 kilometers across. In 2008 Xiadong Song and Xinlei Sun proposed a different inner inner core about 1200 km across. Not much can be made of these ideas until others confirm the work. Whatever we learn raises new questions. The liquid iron must be the source of Earths geomagnetic field-   the geodynamo- but how does it work? Why does the geodynamo flip, switching magnetic north and south, over geologic time? What happens at the top of the core, where molten metal meets the rocky mantle? Answers began to emerge during the 1990s. Studying the Core Our main tool for core research has been earthquake waves, especially those from large events like the 2004 Sumatra quake. The ringing normal modes, which make the planet pulsate with the sort of motions you see in a large soap bubble, are useful for examining large-scale deep structure. But a big problem is nonuniqueness- any given piece of seismic evidence can be interpreted more than one way. A wave that penetrates the core also traverses the crust at least once and the mantle at least twice, so a feature in a seismogram may originate in several possible places. Many different pieces of data must be cross-checked. The barrier of nonuniqueness faded somewhat as we began to simulate the deep Earth in computers with realistic numbers, and as we reproduced high temperatures and pressures in the laboratory with the diamond-anvil cell. These tools (and length-of-day studies) have let us peer through the layers of the Earth until at last we can contemplate the core. What the Core Is Made Of Considering that the whole Earth on average consists of the same mixture of stuff we see elsewhere in the solar system, the core has to be iron metal along with some nickel. But its less dense than pure iron, so about 10 percent of the core must be something lighter. Ideas about what that light ingredient is have been evolving. Sulfur and oxygen have been candidates for a long time, and even hydrogen has been considered. Lately, there has been a rise of interest in silicon, as high-pressure experiments and simulations suggest that it may dissolve in molten iron better than we thought. Maybe more than one of these is down there. It takes a lot of ingenious reasoning and uncertain assumptions to propose any particular recipe- but the subject is not beyond all conjecture. Seismologists continue to probe the inner core. The cores eastern hemisphere appears to differ from the western hemisphere in the way the iron crystals are aligned. The problem is hard to attack because seismic waves have to go pretty much straight from an earthquake, right through the Earths center, to a seismograph. Events and machines that happen to be lined up just right are rare. And the effects are subtle. Core Dynamics In 1996, Xiadong Song and Paul Richards confirmed a prediction that the inner core rotates slightly faster than the rest of the Earth. The magnetic forces of the geodynamo seem to be responsible. Over geologic time, the inner core grows as the whole Earth cools. At the top of the outer core, iron crystals freeze out and rain into the inner core. At the base of the outer core, the iron freezes under pressure taking much of the nickel with it. The remaining liquid iron is lighter and rises. These rising and falling motions, interacting with geomagnetic forces, stir the whole outer core at a speed of 20 kilometers a year or so. The planet Mercury also has a large iron core and a magnetic field, though much weaker than Earths. Recent research hints that Mercurys core is rich in sulfur and that a similar freezing process stirs it, with iron snow falling and sulfur-enriched liquid rising. Core studies surged in 1996 when computer models by Gary Glatzmaier and Paul Roberts first reproduced the behavior of the geodynamo, including spontaneous reversals. Hollywood gave Glatzmaier an unexpected audience when it used his animations in the action movie The Core. Recent high-pressure lab work by Raymond Jeanloz, Ho-Kwang (David) Mao and others has given us hints about the core-mantle boundary, where liquid iron interacts with silicate rock. The experiments show that core and mantle materials undergo strong chemical reactions. This is the region where many think mantle plumes originate, rising to form places like the Hawaiian Islands chain, Yellowstone, Iceland, and other surface features. The more we learn about the core, the closer it becomes. PS: The small, close-knit group of core specialists all belong to the SEDI (Study of the Earths Deep Interior) group and read its Deep Earth Dialog newsletter. And they use the Special Bureau for the Cores website  as a central repository for geophysical and bibliographic data.

Response to 3 students posting with 2 references each Coursework - 1

Response to 3 students posting with 2 references each - Coursework Example Therefore, through the support of various articles on the subject, I strongly agree that ‘perhaps a major factor that creates hurdles in dealing with these public policy issues is democracy itself’. As emphasized by Liverani (2009) that â€Å"democracies can be notoriously shortsighted when dealing with long term issues† (par. 4). The rationale for this could be that there are enumerable external factors that could influence diverse issues and so policy makers opt to decide on the most pressing issues given the resources and current macro environmental status of the time. The post was also in response to Dinesh Sah’s Post where we both saw the issue of seeing democracies as recommending policies more on a short-term leash (Liverani, 2009). Sandra’s contention, however, focused on the culture of "instant gratification"; which is also a valid point. According to Rivenburg (2004), â€Å"part of the problem is that technology and pop culture have trained people to expect instant gratification of their desires. So when a temptation comes along, theyre inclined to indulge it† (par. 12). There is so much focus on immediate outcome and results with little foresight being accorded to long term vision of the effects of one’s course of action. Therefore, to see policy-makers in a democratic society to manifest behaviors which exhibit the culture of instant gratification would also explain the lack of forbearance and foresight to resolve climate action on a more lasting and effective manner. De Yudice’s post was interesting in terms of illuminating the power of democracy at its best. Despite the apparent support from various policymakers and different stakeholders of the DREAM Act, the Senate reportedly made the firm decision of seeing it as a threat to being a precursor to invite more illegal aliens and encourage illegal immigration. As policymakers, democratic forces encourage making