ESSAY - Examine sociological explanations for the lower...

Homework Essay Question – Mrs Young 8th November 2013 ESSAY QUESTION: ‘Examine Sociological explanations for the lower rates of recorded crime in rural compared to urban areas’†¦ A group of sociologists based in Chicago became known as Chicago School, and they argued that the growth of cities produced distinctive neighbourhoods, each with its own characteristic lifestyle. Shaw and McKay applied this perspective to their study of delinquency. Statistics from their study shows that 9.8% of crimes committed are usually found in the Central Business District (CBD). However, British sociologists criticize these findings as when they repeated the same study in Britain, they found that British crime patterns are more scattered and†¦show more content†¦Recorded offender rates for Gardenia were 300% higher than Stonewall. There was little or no difference between the two estates in terms of ethnicity, class, age, gender, income and employment. Baldwin and Bottom suggest that the reason why there could be more crime in one estate than the other (both found in the same are) is because of the ‘tipping’ process. Once Gardenia had ‘tippedâ€℠¢, it had appeared to influence the council’s housing policy. Those with severe housing needs were allocated to Gardenia and were also most at risk of crime. Over time, Gardenia developed a negative reputation which resulted in some residents leaving and others refusing to move onto the estate. Marshall and Johnson also point out that rural areas are more ‘close knit’, with higher levels of social interaction between people in the area, including kin relationships. People are likely to know other members of the community and are therefore more ‘intouch’ with their communities. Wilson and Kelling agree also and suggest that the ‘tipping’ process starts when informal social control is breaking down. They are more likely to break down when buildings are left in a state of disrepair. When these acts of deviance are left to go on, the noise levels increase, vandalism grows and more windows get broken. These neighbourhoods then tip into declin e and property values plummet, law abiding members of the community are afraid to go out, many of them leave the neighbourhood, informal socialShow MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesRevisited David M. Scobey, Empire City: The Making and Meaning of the New York City Landscape Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography Allida M. Black, ed., Modern American Queer History Eric Sandweiss, St. Louis: The Evolution of an American Urban Landscape Sam Wineburg, Historical Thinking and Other Unnatural Acts: Charting the Future of Teaching the Past Sharon Hartman Strom, Political Woman: Florence Luscomb and the Legacy of Radical Reform Michael Adas, ed., Agricultural and PastoralRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesmisbehaviour? Complexity and the problem of implementation Three types of formal control Bureaucratic control Output control Cultural control The new wave in action: managing cultural change A theoretical explanation of a possible shift in control: A new historical configuration? An alternative theoretical explanation: movements in managerial discourse? The theoretical origins of new-wave theory Conclusions 148 148 150 152 152 153 156 159 159 160 161 164 171 176 179 186 . x Contents ChapterRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesof Ethical Voice 526 xviii CONTENTS S A L Self-Assessment Library How Spiritual Am I? 531 Point/Counterpoint Organizations Should Strive to Create a Positive Organizational Culture 534 Questions for Review 535 Experiential Exercise Rate Your Classroom Culture 535 Ethical Dilemma A Bankrupt Culture 536 Case Incident 1 Mergers Don’t Always Lead to Culture Clashes 536 Case Incident 2 Did Toyota’s Culture Cause Its Problems? 537 17 Human Resource Policies and Practices 543