Gideon vs Wainwright Essay Example For Students

Gideon versus Wainwright Essay The designers shaped this nation with one sole record, the Constitution, whichthey composed with extraordinary insight and premonition. This abundant intelligence emerged from the unjusttreatment of King George to which the pioneers were subject. Among these infringement ofthe pilgrims rights were unjust preliminaries that made a joke of equity. Thus, afair preliminary of the blamed was a correct given to the residents alongside different values that theframers ingrained in each other feature of this countrys government. These confirmations ofthe residents rights expressed in the bill of rights. In the Sixth Amendment, it is expressed that, In every single criminal arraignment, theaccused will appreciate the rightto have the Assistance of Counsel for his safeguard. A firstreading of this expression one may be imagine that this right, what gives a personaccused of a wrongdoing to have attorneys for his resistance, is normal information being that it isamong the most fundamental rights given to the populace of people in general. In any case, the simplemanner in which this correction is stated makes an ill defined situation, and subject tointerpretation under various conditions. The authenticity of the option to mount a legaldefense is additionally darkened by the Fourteenth Amendment which expresses, No State shallmake or authorize any law which will abbreviate the benefits of residents of the UnitedStates. Therefore, numerous inquiries start to emerge which try to decide the genuine rightof the blamed to the help for counsel. Should lawful guidance be given by thegovernment if the blamed comes up short on the assets to gather an advice for his barrier? Or on the other hand, onthe other hand, does this alteration set the duty of collecting a defensivecounsel on the charged regardless of whether the individual comes up short on the assets to do so?Also, do the states reserve the privilege to make their own enactment with respect to the rightof the penniless denoun ced to have counsel selected to them in the state preliminaries, or does theFourteenth Amendment forestall this? The Supreme Court was confronted with noting thesequestions on account of Gideon v. Wainwright. In June of 1961, Clarence Earl Gideon, a multi year old trivial criminal, wanderer, andgambler who had gone through quite a bit of his time on earth all through prison was captured in Panama CityFlorida. He was accused of breaking into a poolroom one night with an end goal to stealbeer, Coke, and coins from a cigarette machine (Goodman 62). From the start, Gideon demanded that he was guiltless. His preliminary initiated in aFlorida court in August of that year. Gideon educated the Judge that he was notprepared for the preliminary to start since he had not gathered a legitimate direction in hisdefense. He at that point mentioned that the court choose guidance to speak to him (Goodman62). The Judge reacted with the accompanying explanation: Mr. Gideon, I am grieved, however I can 't choose Counsel to speak to you for this situation. Under the laws of the State of Florida, the main time the Court can name Counsel to speak to a litigant is the point at which that individual is accused of a capital offense. I am grieved, however I should deny your solicitation to choose Counsel to guard you for this situation (372 U.S. 335)The preliminary proceeded, and Gideon coordinated his barrier; however his endeavors were vain as onecould anticipate from a typical man with no lawful training or experience. The juryconvicted him of the felonious charges and gave Gideon the most extreme multi year sentence(Goodman 62). At the hour of Gideons preliminary in the Florida court the privilege to legitimate counselensured by the Sixth Amendment was just relevant to government cases, and states had theright to deal with the matter of the arrangement of lawful direction to the barrier in state casesat their circumspection (Asch, 135). This training was an impact of the result of th e UnitedStates Supreme Court instance of Betts v. Brady chose in 1942. For this situation, anunemployed ranch specialist in Maryland named Smith Betts was accused of robberyrequested that the court designate guidance to his resistance. The adjudicator denied this solicitation onthe grounds that in that region it was not practice in that district for the court to appointcounsel to poor litigants just in capital cases. Like Gideon, Betts directed his owndefense and was indicted and condemned to eight years in jail. Betts sent an intrigue tothe Supreme Court, yet the Court governed against Betts on the grounds that, the courts conclusion was inthe incredible greater part of states, it has been the viewed as judgment of the individuals, theirrepresentatives, and their courts that the arrangement of advice isn't a fundamentalright, basic to a reasonable preliminary (Goodman 64). With the point of reference set by the decision of Brady v. Betts, the forswearing of theappointment of insigh t by the preliminary court in the Gideon case was given with simply reason. Significance Of Reading EssayThis choice implied that Gideon got another preliminary. A preliminary where he had equitablerepresentation by an able legal advisor. In Gideons retrial, his court named attorneyfulfilled his obligations with such greatness that Gideon was vindicated. This choice had numerous significant ramifications. First of all, every one of the many otherprisoners who had been sentenced without advantage for safeguard counsel won their releaseFlorida prisons, just as the correctional facilities of different states (Goodman 66). This might be disconcertingbecause a portion of these detainees may have been blameworthy of their violations or solidified byprison, and these detainees are as a rule coolly discharged into society. The State of Floridashould have retried these detainees as opposed to discharging them. In any case, the retrialprocess raises another inquiry If a detainee had a preliminary yet was denied legitimate counsel,does it disregard the segment of the F ifth Amendment, which expresses that, Nor will anyperson be subject for a similar offense to be twice placed in risk of life or appendage. TheFifth Amendment ensures the privilege of an individual who is absolved to not be attempted againfor a similar wrongdoing. Since the investigator can't offer like a convict can, or attempt theseprisoners again in another fair and genuine preliminary, does it imply that these freedprisoners won't be retried?That isn't all the choice achieved, notwithstanding. The most importantimplication set post in this preliminary is the additional verification of the authenticity of the predominance ofthe government over the states. The intensity of the Federal government has grownsince the Civil War, where authenticity of the government was firmlyestablished. The southern states felt that the genuine force was put resources into the state, and thattheir withdrawal was legitimized. After the thrashing of these secessionist expresses, the legitimacyof the Fed eral government was set up, and has developed since that time. The marker ofthis is the Fourteenth Amendment which restricts the states from sanctioning and enforcingany law which condenses the privileges of the residents set out by the Bill of Rights. Thistheme fits the Gideon case on the grounds that the decision implied that the states must give the SixthAmendment assurance to the respondent who is blamed for damaging a state law. Thismeans that the express no longer has the intensity of caution in the execution of its ownlaws. Be that as it may, for this situation, the strength of the government is all essential andproper so as to make solidarity in the guarantee that the privileges of the residents set out by theconstitution are not encroached by the state. Works CitedGoodman, Elaine and Walter. The Rights of the People. Toronto: Doubleday, 1971. Asch, Sindey H. Social liberties and Responsibilites under the Constitution. New York:Arco Publishing Company, 1968. Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335 (1963). Wilson, James, and John J. DiIulio, Jr. American Government, foundations and Policies. Lexington, Massachusetts: D.C. Heath and Company, 1995. Equity Under Law: the Gideon Case. Videocassette. Reference book Britanica EducationalCorporation, 1967. Barker, Lucius, and Twiley Barker, Jr. Common Liberties and the Constitution. New Jersey:Prentince Hall, 1990.

Monasticism Essays - Asceticism, Monasticism, Monk, Hermit

Asceticism Asceticism, truly being a recluse, has come to portray the lifestyle relating to individuals living in disconnection from the remainder of the world. These individuals are under strict guarantee and subject to a fixed guideline, as priests. The fundamental thought of devotion is complete seclusion from the remainder of society. The technique they have embraced, regardless of what the exact subtleties might be, is typically composed plainness. In the event that the methods of devotion were taken in a wide enough sense it might be found in each strict framework that has accomplished a high degree of moral turn of events, for example, Buddhist, Jewish, Christian, and Muslim religions, and even in the arrangement of the socialist social orders at our present time. All through my learning in class, I have come to comprehend that the religious lifestyle is a plain one, however I don't think saying the most punctual Christian austerity was religious is right. Considering the conditions in which the early Christians were set, for the principal century or so of the Church's presence living separated from the gathering of the dedicated was not feasible, it was viewed as almost outlandish. Be that as it may, I get myself sure that devotion, when it came, was minimal in excess of a gathering of thoughts already in arrangement among Christians. For parsimony is the battle contrary to common standards, even with, for example, are simply common without being wicked. The world wants and respects riches, so the austere loves and praises destitution. On the off chance that he should have something in the idea of property, at that point he and his colleagues will hold it in like manner, in light of the fact that the world regards and defends private proprietorship. In like way he works on fasting and virginity that in this way he may deny the permit of the world.

Hes Making A List and Checking It Twice

He’s Making A List and Checking It Twice So four years ago, I began a year-long journey to start seeing what 12 years of public school education could do for me. I started applying to college. I kind of went about it in a semi-orderly fashion, but I do think that during the whole process with all the brochures Id requested and discarded essays, I may have killed a tree. Ill plant one when I graduate. This is my promise. So similar to the list of parameters I have when it comes to my ideal mate, I had a pretty hefty list of things to consider when I applied to college. And so the list begins: Please keep in mind that these were the things that I found that were important, and that you may think that these things are of little importance, and thats great. Also, feel free to comment with other things you find important. 1. Scholastic This was the most important option in my case. Id worked very hard like many of you, and wanted to continue my education at a place where I was going to be stimulated and driven to learn more. Some sample questions that I considered: What kind of majors are available? What is the graduation rate? How hard are the classes? How reputable are the professors? What type of research opportunities exist? How serious do students take their work? 2. Location Im a coast kind of guy. I lived in the Midwest, but I was definitely not applying to any school in Texas because I wanted out. I really wanted to be in an area where there was a lot to do outside of just being at school. Sample questions I asked: How do people get around? (Car, bike, public transportation?) Does the city cater to college students? Are there other college students around? What is the weather like? 3. Extracurriculars What can I do when I want a break? While academics were of utmost importance to me, I still wanted to be able to take a break and do some things for fun. Sample questions I asked: What types of activities are available? What are the time commitments? 4. Living Communal showers are not my thing, and neither are having extra rodent roommates. To a degree, housing and living options were important to me as well. I did not want to live on a campus where housing was not guaranteed after my freshman year, and I also did not want to live on a campus where there was freshman only dorms just because I felt that defeated the purpose of a social aspect of college. Other amenities werent really important to me, but some things did sweeten the pot. Sample questions I asked: Dorms: Single sex or coed? How far are the dorms from campus? Do people hang out with each other or is it more of an isolationist feel? Noise level? 5. Miscellaneous There were just a lot of things that I discovered I did not like once I began visiting schools, and there were also things that I discovered were really important to me once I saw that they actually existed. I would tend to believe from my experience that visits really seal the deal. I found with most campuses that I visited, I either loved it or hated it. There was no real grey area, but then I had a lot of friends who lived in the grey area all of senior year not knowing what they wanted. And one last thing, if you ever visit a college campus ASK QUESTIONS AND PLAY HARDBALL. Ask current students anything, and youll be able to get a good idea of what the campus is like and what the people are like. Be careful of token responses, and if they give you an ambiguous response, ask for further clarification. This is a four year investment; be smart. So I think that thats it; I actually dont think Ive recycled the brochures I got in the mail way back when, but I will when I graduate from MIT. I promise. Make sure you leave comments with any questions you have.

ESSAY - Examine sociological explanations for the lower...

Homework Essay Question – Mrs Young 8th November 2013 ESSAY QUESTION: ‘Examine Sociological explanations for the lower rates of recorded crime in rural compared to urban areas’†¦ A group of sociologists based in Chicago became known as Chicago School, and they argued that the growth of cities produced distinctive neighbourhoods, each with its own characteristic lifestyle. Shaw and McKay applied this perspective to their study of delinquency. Statistics from their study shows that 9.8% of crimes committed are usually found in the Central Business District (CBD). However, British sociologists criticize these findings as when they repeated the same study in Britain, they found that British crime patterns are more scattered and†¦show more content†¦Recorded offender rates for Gardenia were 300% higher than Stonewall. There was little or no difference between the two estates in terms of ethnicity, class, age, gender, income and employment. Baldwin and Bottom suggest that the reason why there could be more crime in one estate than the other (both found in the same are) is because of the ‘tipping’ process. Once Gardenia had ‘tippedâ€℠¢, it had appeared to influence the council’s housing policy. Those with severe housing needs were allocated to Gardenia and were also most at risk of crime. Over time, Gardenia developed a negative reputation which resulted in some residents leaving and others refusing to move onto the estate. Marshall and Johnson also point out that rural areas are more ‘close knit’, with higher levels of social interaction between people in the area, including kin relationships. People are likely to know other members of the community and are therefore more ‘intouch’ with their communities. Wilson and Kelling agree also and suggest that the ‘tipping’ process starts when informal social control is breaking down. They are more likely to break down when buildings are left in a state of disrepair. When these acts of deviance are left to go on, the noise levels increase, vandalism grows and more windows get broken. These neighbourhoods then tip into declin e and property values plummet, law abiding members of the community are afraid to go out, many of them leave the neighbourhood, informal socialShow MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesRevisited David M. Scobey, Empire City: The Making and Meaning of the New York City Landscape Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography Allida M. Black, ed., Modern American Queer History Eric Sandweiss, St. Louis: The Evolution of an American Urban Landscape Sam Wineburg, Historical Thinking and Other Unnatural Acts: Charting the Future of Teaching the Past Sharon Hartman Strom, Political Woman: Florence Luscomb and the Legacy of Radical Reform Michael Adas, ed., Agricultural and PastoralRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesmisbehaviour? Complexity and the problem of implementation Three types of formal control Bureaucratic control Output control Cultural control The new wave in action: managing cultural change A theoretical explanation of a possible shift in control: A new historical configuration? An alternative theoretical explanation: movements in managerial discourse? The theoretical origins of new-wave theory Conclusions 148 148 150 152 152 153 156 159 159 160 161 164 171 176 179 186 . x Contents ChapterRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesof Ethical Voice 526 xviii CONTENTS S A L Self-Assessment Library How Spiritual Am I? 531 Point/Counterpoint Organizations Should Strive to Create a Positive Organizational Culture 534 Questions for Review 535 Experiential Exercise Rate Your Classroom Culture 535 Ethical Dilemma A Bankrupt Culture 536 Case Incident 1 Mergers Don’t Always Lead to Culture Clashes 536 Case Incident 2 Did Toyota’s Culture Cause Its Problems? 537 17 Human Resource Policies and Practices 543

Comprehensive Sex Ed. Programs vs. Abstinence Only...

Comprehensive Sex Ed. Programs vs. Abstinence Only Programs Sexual education programs taught in high schools nationwide would be much more effective if instead of focusing exclusively on abstinence only programs, they taught a much more comprehensive program, which informed the adolescents how to be safe when it comes to dealing with sexual activities. Abstinence only programs are the widely favored programs of the past and of present time, but now more and more adults are starting to believe their children would be better educated if they were involved in a more comprehensive program, that not only emphasized the teachings of abstinence but taught their children how to be safe, and how to deal with the consequences of their sexual†¦show more content†¦However, these ideas do not teach the students who have already had sex or participated in sexual activities, or those students that do not believe waiting until marriage is right for them how to be safe. It is basically information that is going in one ear and out the other. If these programs also taught the students information on contraceptives and how to deal with consequences, at least the parents know that their kids have the information on how to be safe. Abstinence only programs are state funded. Many of the nation’s tax dollars go out to teach these programs. Although, it is good that the money is being given to support some sort of Sex Ed program, many people are starting to believe that their tax dollars should go to support the program they choose which many times is now the comprehensive sex ed program. The opposing program to abstinence only programs is the comprehensive sex education program. This program does not focus on abstinence only, but teaches the students about contraceptives and how to be safe when involving themselves in sexual activities. â€Å"Substantial evidence of theShow MoreRelatedSexual Education And Sex Ed1697 Words   |  7 PagesSexual education (sex ed) in public schools has long been a controversial and debated topic in society. There are several questions when it comes to approaching sex ed in schools. These questions include: appropriate age for introducing sex ed; should sex ed be mandatory or optional; and whether sex ed programs should be comprehensive or abstinence-based. Sex ed is a necessary subject to teach in schools. It should be appropriate to the grade level and taught in a knowledgeable, unbiased manner.Read MoreEssay on Abstinence vs. Comprehensive Sex Education1339 Words   |  6 Pagesfunding was put to use in â€Å". . . sex education programs that promote abstinence-only-until-marriage to the exclusion of all other approaches . . .† according to the article â€Å"Sex education† (2010) published by â€Å"Opposing Viewpoints in Context;† a website that spec ializes in covering social issues. Since then a muddy controversy has arisen over whether that is the best approach. On one hand is the traditional approach of abstinence (not having sex before marriage), and on the other is the ideaRead MoreAbstinence And Comprehensive Sex Education999 Words   |  4 PagesI lean towards the abstinence side of the argument between abstinence and comprehensive sex education because of my religious beliefs. Although I feel abstinence should be the focus of sex education, I think it is important to teach young people a balance to protect themselves. While researching this topic, it seems that many of the articles have the same idea to teach abstinence along with safe sex which would be comprehensive sex ed. With the rising sexual transmitted diseases and pregnanciesRead MoreThe Debate For Comprehensive Sex Education1212 Words   |  5 PagesThe Debate for Comprehensive Sex Education Across the United States of America there is wide spread support for abstinence-only education. A majority of states require that abstinence-only education be the only form of sexual health education provided, or requires that abstinence be stressed above other forms of sexual education. These highly stressed abstinence-only programs are under fire as research comes out against the efficiency of these programs, and as new forms of sexual health educationRead MoreSex Education : Which Is Better? Essay1718 Words   |  7 Pages Abstinence or Comprehensive Sex Education: Which is better? Sex is in the air, everywhere. It is seen when the television is turned on in the morning, it is used to sell hamburgers and cereal, and is the cornerstone by which we gauge our success. Sex is everywhere and the youth of today need to be equipped to handle it safely. There are two primary paths that can be taken when referring to sexual education: Abstinence or a more comprehensive education. Abstinence educationRead MoreThe Effects Of Sexual Education On Public Schools1702 Words   |  7 Pagesmarriage to have sex. Sexual education taught in public schools does raise a couple of eyebrows because some parents think that young adults should not learn about sex at their age. Sexual education is very important for young adults to either use abstinence or condoms. Sexual education in schools are the proper classes for young adults to know about the different diseases that gets passed around and pregnancy. Social media plays a big role in this generation encouraging young adults that se x is ok whenRead More Abstinence-Only vs. Comprehensive Sex Education Essay2397 Words   |  10 Pagesthe early 1980s the issue of sex education for American youth has had the attention of the nation. There are about 400,000 teen births every year in the U.S, with about 9 billion in associated public costs. STI contraction in general, as well as teen pregnancy, have put the subject even more so on the forefront of the nation’s leading issues. The approach and method for proper and effective sex education has been hotly debated. Some believe that teaching abstinence-only until marriage is the best methodRead MoreSchool Based Sex Education Is Important For Youth1178 Words   |  5 Pages School-Based Sex Education in Youth Sam Thienel English 11 Mrs. Adelman 17 May 2017 School-Based Sex Education in Youth Thesis: School based comprehensive sex education is important for youth because it will help prevent teen pregnancy, the government fully supports sex education in schools, and youth’s parents feel youth should be properly taught sex education. Outline: Prevent teen pregnancy Comprehensive sex program vs. abstinence-only Birth controls role in sex education classesRead MoreEssay on Should Sex Education be Taken Out of Schools?969 Words   |  4 Pagesincreasingly active sex lives. No longer is sex education left to teachers and parents to explain, it is constantly in our faces at the forefront of our society. Regardless of sex education curriculums and debates about possible changes, children and teenagers are still learning everything they think there is to know about sex from very early on in their young lives. However, without responsible adults instructing them on the facts about sex, there are more likely to treat sex in a cavalier and offhandedRead More Abstinence Only Sex Education Essays2119 Words   |  9 Pagesdisparity can be attributed to factors such as income inequality, the presence of abstinence only education has a major impact on birth and STD rates in the United States in comparison to other countries with more comprehensive programs. It is clear that this difference in approache s has a significant effect, and the United States needs to act to ensure the health of its citizens. Urgent actions are necessary because abstinence only education is becoming more popular in the United States and more and more

The Controversy Over Mark Twains The Adventures of...

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain is a controversial book that has raised heated debates across America for the past century. It was ranked fifth most challenging books out of one hundred in the 1990s (Chadwick 2). Although this book is a hot topic, it should remain on shelves, and still be taught in schools. While Huck Finn seems to be only a book of satire, most want this book banned because it is seen as highly racial. â€Å"The reading of Huck Finn is humiliating to back students. It contributes to low self-esteem. Only the insensitive and often unwittingly racist teachers respond ‘This book is a classic’ (Washington post 6).† The use of the word nigger upsets many black students and instigates the other students to use†¦show more content†¦The book is so comical, and lively all the way through. What makes this book so controversial is the fact that the word nigger is used more than 200 times in the book, but Twain simply used the term as they would back then. Can you say anyone dislikes Jim? No, we grow fond of him, perhaps love him. The n-word is not demining (Jones 154). Shelly Fisher Fishkin quotes, â€Å"Huck Finn is the greatest anti-racist novel by an American writer today.† This is proven in chapter XXXIV of Huck Finn when Huck knew helping Jim may get them killed, but he chooses to try to make him a free man. The book possesses good qualities, and morals. Huck could have turned Jim in; but kept him a secret and stayed afloat the river of freedom. We can also learn that our society is not what is seems. Although everyone is of Christian faith, they still own slaves, and are morally bad people. The novel presents a new perspective on today’s society and how it is still very much like Twain’s time. The need to ban this book from shelves and schools should stop. People need to start to embrace this book with meaning and the humor it possesses. The Banned Books Week Club celebrates the F irst Amendment and the freedom to read by posting a list of banned books that society should read, Huck Finn being 6th on the list (Adler7). In schools teachers need to learn how to explain Twain instead of banning his works of literature.Show MoreRelatedMark Twain and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn1575 Words   |  6 Pages Mark Twain and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Controversy Mark Twain, born Samuel Langhorne Clemens, is a highly recognizable figure in American literature. Born in Florida, Missouri Mark Twain and his family moved to Hannibal, Missouri where Twain discovered and fell in love with the mighty Mississippi River. The river and his life in Hannibal became his inspiration and guiding light in most of his writing. Although Twain loved the river and did a great deal of traveling, he eventuallyRead MoreHuckleberry Finn Persuasive Essay1571 Words   |  7 Pagesalmost-right word and the right word is really a large matter- ‘tis the difference between the lightning bug and lightning.†(Mark Twain). Mark Twain, the author of an extraordinary yet controversial novel; The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn had a great way of capturing moments in time and bringing them to life through the use of meaningful and direct diction. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn has been a vexed novel for it s a use of the â€Å"N-word†. However, many scho lars and associations have devised a â€Å"solution†Read MoreRacism of Yesterday and Today Essay1655 Words   |  7 PagesThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn was written by Mark Twain in the middle of the nineteenth century. Much of the inspiration for the book came from Mark Twain’s own encounters. Twain’s experiences as a steamboat pilot from 1835 to 1845 provided a great deal of the historical context for his work. The novel revolves around a southern boy, Huck, and a slave named Jim who both reject society by running away in hopes of finding freedom. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn highlights and portrays theRead MoreMark Twain : Seeing America s Flaws1593 Words   |  7 PagesMark Twain: Seeing America’s Flaws â€Å"You don’t know about me, without you have read a book by the name of The Adventures of Tom Sawyer , but that ain’t no matter. That book was made by Mr. Mark Twain and he told the truth, mainly. There was things he stretched, but mainly he told the truth† (qtd. in Jones 237). That was the very first line in Mark Twain’s controversial book, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Samuel L. Clemens, as a young boy, grew up on the Mississippi and learned the ways of southernRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn787 Words   |  4 PagesIn this journal, both Nicole Amare and Alan Manning criticize the novel, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn through Mormonism. To Amare and Manning, Twain’s fascination of Mormonism and the character’s literary meanings. Furthermore, they claim of Twain’s use of his use of politician names in the stories, which are seen as juxtaposed by Twain in the novel, impact the character Boggs and Governor Lib urn Boggs of Independence, Missouri. However, these uses of political names can be portrayed as simplyRead MoreEssay on Racism in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn576 Words   |  3 PagesMark Twain has always been one of the most controversial authors of all time. Though in recent years, there has been increasing controversy over the ideas expressed in his novel, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. In some extreme cases the novel has even been banned by public school systems and censored by public libraries. The basis for this censorship is the argument that Mark Twains book is racist, but in reality Twain was against racism and used this book to make people aware of what wasRead MoreThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain830 Words   |  3 PagesThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain is â€Å"A Great American Novel†, because of its complexity and richness. Twain writes dialogue that brings his characters to life. He creates characters with unique vo ice and helps the reader connect to the book. Anyone who reads it is forced to develop feelings for each character. Even though there is a great amount of controversy over the use of some choices, such as the â€Å"n word†, it makes the book more realistic. In the beginning of the novel Huck,Read MoreResearch Paper Mark Twain1306 Words   |  6 PagesIsabella Thomaz Donna Hunter - Period 2 Research Paper - Mark Twain October 26, 2012 MARK TWAIN: A REMARKABLE MAN WHO PAINTED THE WORLD â€Å"Classic - a book which people praise and dont read.† When Samuel L. Clemens (more often referred to as Mark Twain) said this, he meant it in a humorous sense, but he also wanted people to understand it’s meaning. People call books like Huck Finn and Gatsby classics, yet the idea that these books are actually read by everyone isn’t so. Twain isn’t justRead MoreRespect The Elderly By Mark Twain1565 Words   |  7 Pagesthe elderly. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is one hundred and thirty years old, yet unfailingly manages to fascinate, infuriate, and inspire its readership. The novel rests on many a bookshelf and regularly appears on lists of literary legends- though it is equally likely to top a list of controversial and profane works. Certainly, there is no other book in the oeuvre of Mark Twain that commands attention more deservedly than Huckleberry Finn. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is the decidedRead More Prejudice and Racism in Huckl eberry Finn Essay1265 Words   |  6 PagesHuckleberry Finn: The Immorality of Racism A majority of people in American society believe that school systems must teach children that racism is morally wrong. Often, however, tension has builds over how to teach this important lesson. Unfortunately, a controversy has built over the teaching of Huckleberry Finn. Although some believe that Mark Twains novel perpetuates racist feelings, in fact Twain uses the characters to demonstrate the immorality of slavery. Miss Watson and Pap

Accounting Regulation free essay sample

Accounting Regulation With the recent accounting discrepancies that have taken place in some of America’s largest and well known corporations greater importance is being placed on the creation and monitoring of financial reports. Some of these organizations which regulate how financial reports and compiled are private, given a charter by a federal agency, others were born from the creation of new laws and regulations, some are state agencies, and many more are private organizations made up of academics and certified public accountants who altruistically want to improve ethics in one’s field of accountancy. These organizations include the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB), the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB), the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), and the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB). Companies which operate within the United States must compile financial reports within the guidelines set forth by the (SEC) and the (FASB); the (FASB) ensures that all companies focus on the characteristics of relevance and reliability when generating financial reports while staying within the guidelines of the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP). We will write a custom essay sample on Accounting Regulation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When companies do not follow these guidelines they can be sanctioned by the (SEC) (Facts about FASB, 2009). The (PCAOB) was granted investigative and disciplinary power by the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002; this act was established as a result of major American corporations falsifying financial data in an attempt to make one’s company appear more profitable than it was. The (PCAOB’s) primary responsibility is to ensure that public accounting firms conduct regular audits of internal controls and to evaluate the consistency of published financial statements. The (IASB) is a global regulatory body which is an offshoot of the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS); the (IFRS) sets standards for financial reporting for small to medium businesses which make up approximately 95% of the companies worldwide (IFRS for SMEs, 2009). The (IASB) has no enforceable power to discipline organizations who do not adhere to financial reporting guidelines, however, when violations are discovered the (IASB) reports all discrepancies to the (IFRS) which will make a determination as to the validity of the violation and take disciplinary action. While there are a number of federal and international accounting regulatory organizations, the foundation for good accounting ethics occurs at local or state levels. In he United States there are accountancy boards for every state which anyone wishing to become a certified public accountant (CPA) must register and pass a battery of exams in order to obtain a license to work as an accountant. The California Board of Accountancy (CBA) in addition to testing and licensing new accountants also provides people looking for an accountant a forum to check on the status of an accountant’s license, whether they are authorized to sign reports on attest engagements, ant to view any discip linary action taken against a particular accountant (Web License Status Lookup Information, 2009). The (CBA) is granted authority by the California Accountancy Act and works to protect the public interest by regulating the accountancy profession minimizing substandard practices, investigating complaints against accountants, and when necessary, taking legal action against those who do not follow proper (GAAP) guidelines. With all problems come opportunities, and with the discrepancies in financial reporting in recent history, an opportunity has arisen to reform accounting policies and procedures. There is currently a shift in most western countries for a set of international accounting standards for companies all around the world to abide by and in this age of global commerce and multinational corporations will only improve the accuracy of financial reports.

Why Is the Investment Appraisal Process so Important Essay Example For Students

Why Is the Investment Appraisal Process so Important? Essay A) Why is the investment appraisal process so important? Capital Investment Appraisal is of fundamental importance because: 1. Large Amount of Company Resources: Involvement of large amount of company resources and efforts which will necessitate careful evaluation to be undertaken before a decision is reached. 2. Maximization of Shareholder wealth: Investment decision is linked with strategic and tactical business decisions and therefore need to achieve desired long-term objectives. The most usual objective being the maximization of shareholder wealth. . Difficult to Reserve: It can be very expensive and perplex to reserve an investment decision so caution need to be exercised in reaching the initial investment decision. 4. High Risk Involvement: Projected future benefits and costs are hard to forecast. As a result, the risk and uncertainty of undertaking medium to long-term investment can be high. B) What is the payback period of each project? If AP Ltd imposes a three year maximum payback period which of these projects should be accepted? Payback period for project A:- | | | |YR |NCF |CF | |1 |20 |20 | |2 |30 |50 | |3 |40 |90 |4 |50 |140 | |5 |70 |210 | Payback period of project A = 3 + 20/50 = 3 + 0. 4 = 3. 4 yrs, i. e. , 3yrs 4. 8 months. Payback period for project B:- | | | |YR |NCF |CF | |1 |40 |40 | |2 |40 |80 | |3 |40 |120 | |4 |40 |160 | |5 |40 |200 | Payback period of project B = 2 + 30/40 = 2 + 0. 75 = 2. 75 yrs, i. e. , 2yrs 9 months. When examining two new investment projects of AP Ltd, as in the case of projects A and B, the usual decision is to accept the one with the shortest payback, assuming the payback period satisfies some preconceived target. However, when only one investment opportunity is being examined, the payback of that opportunity will be compared with a target payback. We will write a custom essay on Why Is the Investment Appraisal Process so Important? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now This concept of a target payback could be employed in the case of projects A and B above. The payback target is 3 years, so project B should be accepted because it pays back after 2 years 9 months where as project A payback only after 3 years and 4. 8 months which is more than the target. The longer the time period for receipt of cash, the greater the risk. C) What are the criticisms of the payback period? Payback is the number of years it takes to recover the initial investment. It is expressed in time or years. It is normally defined as the period, usually expressed in years, which it takes the cash inflows from an investment project to equal the cast outflows. There are three important criticisms of the payback period method. The first is clearly fundamental and relates to the fact that cash flows after the payback period are ignored. So it could be the case that whilst a project produces a large net cash flow (i. e. , where cash inflows significantly exceed outflows), they are generated in the later part of the project and may be ignored as this is after the payback period. For example, in the case of project A and B in this question , project B was preferred because of its shorter payback period, but overall project A generates more cash inflows, totaling ? 2,10,000 as compared to only ? 2,00,000 in the case of project B. However, project A`s cash inflows were mainly earned in the later years. The second criticism of the payback method is that it relates to the method not taking account of the time value of money, similarly to the ARR. However, it does not have value in situations where the useful life of the project is short and difficult to predict. Japanese firms, particularly in consumer electronics, use the payback method when evaluating new products since the product life cycle can be quite short and a new product can be made unexpectedly obsolete by changes in technology. For example, imagine we have to choose between two alternatives that each require an initial investment of ? 4000. Option A returns ? 1000 at the end of fourth year. Option B returns ? 4000 at the end of fourth year. Under the payback method, option A and option B are equally preferable. However, that option A is really better since the cash flows come earlier. Now if we add the information to 5 years, then, option A will produce an additional cash inflow of ? 5, 00,000. But option B will never generate another pound after the fourth year. So the payback method ignores the time value of money and does not measure profitability. It just measures the time required to recapture the original investment. The third criticism of the payback method is that the selection of the maximum acceptable payback period is arbitrary. D) Determine the NPV for each of these projects? Should they be accepted – explain why? Year |Project A |Project B | |0 |(110) |(110) | |1 |20 |40 | |2 |30 |40 | |3 |40 |40 | |4 |50 |40 | |5 |70 |40 | Project A |Year |Cash flow(? 000) |Discount Factor |PV | | | |@12% | | |1 |20 |0. 892 |17. 4 | |2 |30 |0. 797 |23. 91 | |3 |40 |0. 711 |28. 44 | |4 |50 |0. 635 |31. 75 | |5 | 70 |0. 567 |39. 69 | | | | |141. 63 | | | | |(110. 0) | | | | |31. 63 | [emailprotected]% = 31. 63 Project B |year |Cash Flow(? 000) |Discount factor @12% |PV | |1 |40 |0. 892 |35. 68 | |2 |40 |0. 797 |31. 88 | |3 |40 |0. 711 |28. 4 | |4 |40 |0. 635 |25. 40 | |5 |40 |0. 567 |22. 68 | | | | |144. 14 | | | | |(110. 00) | | | | |34. 14 | [emailprotected]% =34. 14 .u8ef473007c4c68585c547f78bad07da5 , .u8ef473007c4c68585c547f78bad07da5 .postImageUrl , .u8ef473007c4c68585c547f78bad07da5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8ef473007c4c68585c547f78bad07da5 , .u8ef473007c4c68585c547f78bad07da5:hover , .u8ef473007c4c68585c547f78bad07da5:visited , .u8ef473007c4c68585c547f78bad07da5:active { border:0!important; } .u8ef473007c4c68585c547f78bad07da5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8ef473007c4c68585c547f78bad07da5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8ef473007c4c68585c547f78bad07da5:active , .u8ef473007c4c68585c547f78bad07da5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8ef473007c4c68585c547f78bad07da5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8ef473007c4c68585c547f78bad07da5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8ef473007c4c68585c547f78bad07da5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8ef473007c4c68585c547f78bad07da5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8ef473007c4c68585c547f78bad07da5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8ef473007c4c68585c547f78bad07da5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8ef473007c4c68585c547f78bad07da5 .u8ef473007c4c68585c547f78bad07da5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8ef473007c4c68585c547f78bad07da5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Martin Luther King Jr EssayHere project B should be accepted. Because, NPV of project B is higher than the NPV of project A. NPV is present value of future cash flow. If any NPV value is high, it means, NPV increases the wealth of ordinary share holders and selection of projects on an NPV basis is consistent with this object. NPV is considered to be highly acceptable method of capital appraisal. It takes into account the timing of the net cash flows, the project’s profitability and the return of the original investment. Project B is fulfilling above those things. Hence, project B is suitable for our capital investment appraisal. E) Describe the logic behind the NPV approach. NPV, Net Present Value, allows us to value a company’s assets at their correct current value, normally end of the year and when the accounts are prepared. The calculation of NPV takes into account the assets original cost, less all accumulated depreciation allowed against that asset in previous tax computations. To make long term investment like purchasing land, buildings, machinery a firm have to earn an income greater than the fund committed. In order to handle these decisions, firms have to make an assessment of the size of the out flow and the inflows of the funds. One of the most important steps in the capital budgeting cycle is working out if the benefits of investing large capital sums outweigh the cost of these investments. Business organization can used two ways. ) traditional methods and 2) discounted cash flow techniques. The Net Present Value is the Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) which relies on the concept of opportunity cost to place a value on cash inflows arising f rom capital investment. (F) What would happen to the NPV if: (1) The cost of capital increased? (2) The cost of capital decreased? (1)IF COST OF CAPITAL IS INCREASED: Cost of capital has indirect effect on NPV, i. e. if the cost of capital is increased NPV will decreased, now to explain it in a better way, consider the example in the above part of the report, if we increase the cost of capital from 12% to 15% the NPV goes down instantly from 31. 75 to 19. 76. Although, even at this NPV project still seems to be feasible, but as it is clear that by increasing the cost of capital NPV decreases. This might result the company to end up with low cash flow as well. (2)IF COST OF CAPITAL IS DECREASED: Now if we decrease the cost of capital, it will have a positive effect on NPV, i. e. if the cost of capital is decreased the NPV will increased, consider the same example, if the cost of capital is lowered from 12% to 10% NPV will come down from 31. 75 to 40. 63, thus increasing the cash flows of the company and making the project much more feasible and interesting for the investors, it is very important to mention that it the company’s management who decide what will be the cost of capital. The cost of capital is settle by the management and several issues are consider while making this decision like cash flows, project life payback time etc. G) Determine the IRR for each project. Should they be accepted? PROJECT A YearsNCFDiscount Factor 20%PV 1200,833316. 666 2300,694420. 832 3400,578723. 148 4500,482324. 115 5700,401928. 133 TPV = 112. 894 NPV at 20% = 112. 894 – 110. 000 = ? 2. 894 NPV at 20% = ? 2. 894 YearsNCFDiscount Factor 23%PV 1200,813016. 260 2300,660919. 827 3400,537321. 492 4500,436821. 840 5700,355224. 864 TPV = 104. 283 NPV at 23% = 104. 283 – 110. 000 = ? (5. 717) NPV at 23% = ? (5. 717) IRR = 20% + 2. 894 x (23% 20%) = 2. 894 + 5. 717 IRR = 20% + 0. 01008245 IRR = 20. 10082% ? 20% IRR PROJECT A = 20% PROJECT B YearsNCFDiscount Factor 23%PV 1200,813032. 520 2300,660926. 436 3400,537321. 492 4500,436817. 472 5700,355214. 208 TPV = 112. 128 NPV at 23% = 112. 128 – 110. 000 = ? 2. 128 NPV at 23% = ? 2. 128 YearsNCFDiscount Factor 25%PV 1200,800032. 000 2300,640025. 600 3400,512020. 480 4500,409616. 384 5700,327713. 108 TPV = 107. 572 NPV at 25% = 107. 572 – 110. 000 = ? (2. 428) NPV at 25% = ? (2. 428) IRR = 23% + 2. 128 x (23% 25%) = 2. 218 + 2. 428 IRR = 23% + 0. 00934 IRR = 23. 00934% ? 23% IRR PROJECT B = 23% IRR A = 20% IRR B = 23% IRR ROF Both projects are accepted. .ubf291bef7b68c75f118f50f8110ae91f , .ubf291bef7b68c75f118f50f8110ae91f .postImageUrl , .ubf291bef7b68c75f118f50f8110ae91f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ubf291bef7b68c75f118f50f8110ae91f , .ubf291bef7b68c75f118f50f8110ae91f:hover , .ubf291bef7b68c75f118f50f8110ae91f:visited , .ubf291bef7b68c75f118f50f8110ae91f:active { border:0!important; } .ubf291bef7b68c75f118f50f8110ae91f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ubf291bef7b68c75f118f50f8110ae91f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ubf291bef7b68c75f118f50f8110ae91f:active , .ubf291bef7b68c75f118f50f8110ae91f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ubf291bef7b68c75f118f50f8110ae91f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ubf291bef7b68c75f118f50f8110ae91f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ubf291bef7b68c75f118f50f8110ae91f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ubf291bef7b68c75f118f50f8110ae91f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ubf291bef7b68c75f118f50f8110ae91f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ubf291bef7b68c75f118f50f8110ae91f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ubf291bef7b68c75f118f50f8110ae91f .ubf291bef7b68c75f118f50f8110ae91f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ubf291bef7b68c75f118f50f8110ae91f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Genocide EssayH) How does a change in the cost of capital affect the project’s IRR? The cost of capital is defined as a return which expressed as a percentage that an investor needs to receive on an investment. For example if an investor is looking for a return of 8% on an investment, and if any company giving 8% return on investment then he will invest on that company. But if the company’s initial cost of capital is 6% then the parson will not investment on the company. If the cost of capital is less than the IRR then the project is a good investment. If the cost of capital is larger than the IRR then the project is a bad investment. So a change in the cost of capital changes what a parson’s cut-off is but the actual IRR. I) Why is the NPV method often regarded to be superior to the IRR Method? Superiority of NPV over IRR: The NPV method is new concept as compare to traditional methods i. e. Payback and Accounting Rate of Return (ARR). NPV method discounts the future cash flows linked with the investment project using the cost of capital as the appropriate discount rate. If NPV of required project is positive then we should accept the project and if it is negative then we should not accept the project. However if NPV of any project is zero then we can accept or reject the project it depends on management decision. Normally, to be competitive in market, managers like to accept the project if NPV is zero. Advantages of NPV are: Time Value of Money: It takes account of time of value of money, by discounting the cash flows arising in the future †¢ Cash Flows: takes account of all relevant cash flows †¢ Indicates Clear Decision: provides a clear decision rule concerning acceptance/rejection of a project †¢ Primary Objective: It is consistent with the aim of maximizing shareholder wealth, which is assumed to be the primary objective of any business. As far as Internal Rate of Return is concerned, it is based on the principles of discounting cash flows and will normally give the same accept/reject decisions and will rank investment projects in the same way as the NPV method. Contrary, it has difficulty in handling unconventional cash flows and does not address the issue of wealth maximization. It may give conflicting recommendations to NPV. IRR cannot consider changes in interest rates over the life of a project. It assumes that funds are reinvested at a rate equivalent to the IRR itself, which can be produce unrealistically high. Due to above reasons we can conclude that NPV is superior to IRR. Reference Dyson, J. R (2004). (6th edition) â€Å"Accounting For Non-Accounting Students† Weetman, P, 2006, Management Accounting, Essex, Prentice Hall Lumby, S Jones, C, 2003, Corporate Finance Theory and Practice, London, Thomson Aidan Berry and Robin Jarvis â€Å"Accounting in a Business Context†3rd Edition Printed by: Zrinski dd. , Croatia

The Earths Core - Its Structure and Possible Composition

The Earth's Core - Its Structure and Possible Composition A century ago, science barely knew that the Earth even had a core. Today we are tantalized by the core and its connections with the rest of the planet. Indeed, were at the start of a golden age of core studies. The Cores Gross Shape We knew by the 1890s, from the way Earth responds to the gravity of the Sun and Moon, that the planet has a dense core, probably iron. In 1906 Richard Dixon Oldham found that earthquake waves move through the Earths center much slower than they do through the mantle around it- because the center is liquid. In 1936 Inge Lehmann reported that something reflects seismic waves from within the core. It became clear that the core consists of a thick shell of liquid iron- the outer core- with a smaller, solid inner core at its center. Its solid because at that depth the high pressure overcomes the effect of high temperature. In 2002 Miaki Ishii and Adam Dziewonski of Harvard University published evidence of an innermost inner core some 600 kilometers across. In 2008 Xiadong Song and Xinlei Sun proposed a different inner inner core about 1200 km across. Not much can be made of these ideas until others confirm the work. Whatever we learn raises new questions. The liquid iron must be the source of Earths geomagnetic field-   the geodynamo- but how does it work? Why does the geodynamo flip, switching magnetic north and south, over geologic time? What happens at the top of the core, where molten metal meets the rocky mantle? Answers began to emerge during the 1990s. Studying the Core Our main tool for core research has been earthquake waves, especially those from large events like the 2004 Sumatra quake. The ringing normal modes, which make the planet pulsate with the sort of motions you see in a large soap bubble, are useful for examining large-scale deep structure. But a big problem is nonuniqueness- any given piece of seismic evidence can be interpreted more than one way. A wave that penetrates the core also traverses the crust at least once and the mantle at least twice, so a feature in a seismogram may originate in several possible places. Many different pieces of data must be cross-checked. The barrier of nonuniqueness faded somewhat as we began to simulate the deep Earth in computers with realistic numbers, and as we reproduced high temperatures and pressures in the laboratory with the diamond-anvil cell. These tools (and length-of-day studies) have let us peer through the layers of the Earth until at last we can contemplate the core. What the Core Is Made Of Considering that the whole Earth on average consists of the same mixture of stuff we see elsewhere in the solar system, the core has to be iron metal along with some nickel. But its less dense than pure iron, so about 10 percent of the core must be something lighter. Ideas about what that light ingredient is have been evolving. Sulfur and oxygen have been candidates for a long time, and even hydrogen has been considered. Lately, there has been a rise of interest in silicon, as high-pressure experiments and simulations suggest that it may dissolve in molten iron better than we thought. Maybe more than one of these is down there. It takes a lot of ingenious reasoning and uncertain assumptions to propose any particular recipe- but the subject is not beyond all conjecture. Seismologists continue to probe the inner core. The cores eastern hemisphere appears to differ from the western hemisphere in the way the iron crystals are aligned. The problem is hard to attack because seismic waves have to go pretty much straight from an earthquake, right through the Earths center, to a seismograph. Events and machines that happen to be lined up just right are rare. And the effects are subtle. Core Dynamics In 1996, Xiadong Song and Paul Richards confirmed a prediction that the inner core rotates slightly faster than the rest of the Earth. The magnetic forces of the geodynamo seem to be responsible. Over geologic time, the inner core grows as the whole Earth cools. At the top of the outer core, iron crystals freeze out and rain into the inner core. At the base of the outer core, the iron freezes under pressure taking much of the nickel with it. The remaining liquid iron is lighter and rises. These rising and falling motions, interacting with geomagnetic forces, stir the whole outer core at a speed of 20 kilometers a year or so. The planet Mercury also has a large iron core and a magnetic field, though much weaker than Earths. Recent research hints that Mercurys core is rich in sulfur and that a similar freezing process stirs it, with iron snow falling and sulfur-enriched liquid rising. Core studies surged in 1996 when computer models by Gary Glatzmaier and Paul Roberts first reproduced the behavior of the geodynamo, including spontaneous reversals. Hollywood gave Glatzmaier an unexpected audience when it used his animations in the action movie The Core. Recent high-pressure lab work by Raymond Jeanloz, Ho-Kwang (David) Mao and others has given us hints about the core-mantle boundary, where liquid iron interacts with silicate rock. The experiments show that core and mantle materials undergo strong chemical reactions. This is the region where many think mantle plumes originate, rising to form places like the Hawaiian Islands chain, Yellowstone, Iceland, and other surface features. The more we learn about the core, the closer it becomes. PS: The small, close-knit group of core specialists all belong to the SEDI (Study of the Earths Deep Interior) group and read its Deep Earth Dialog newsletter. And they use the Special Bureau for the Cores website  as a central repository for geophysical and bibliographic data.

Response to 3 students posting with 2 references each Coursework - 1

Response to 3 students posting with 2 references each - Coursework Example Therefore, through the support of various articles on the subject, I strongly agree that ‘perhaps a major factor that creates hurdles in dealing with these public policy issues is democracy itself’. As emphasized by Liverani (2009) that â€Å"democracies can be notoriously shortsighted when dealing with long term issues† (par. 4). The rationale for this could be that there are enumerable external factors that could influence diverse issues and so policy makers opt to decide on the most pressing issues given the resources and current macro environmental status of the time. The post was also in response to Dinesh Sah’s Post where we both saw the issue of seeing democracies as recommending policies more on a short-term leash (Liverani, 2009). Sandra’s contention, however, focused on the culture of "instant gratification"; which is also a valid point. According to Rivenburg (2004), â€Å"part of the problem is that technology and pop culture have trained people to expect instant gratification of their desires. So when a temptation comes along, theyre inclined to indulge it† (par. 12). There is so much focus on immediate outcome and results with little foresight being accorded to long term vision of the effects of one’s course of action. Therefore, to see policy-makers in a democratic society to manifest behaviors which exhibit the culture of instant gratification would also explain the lack of forbearance and foresight to resolve climate action on a more lasting and effective manner. De Yudice’s post was interesting in terms of illuminating the power of democracy at its best. Despite the apparent support from various policymakers and different stakeholders of the DREAM Act, the Senate reportedly made the firm decision of seeing it as a threat to being a precursor to invite more illegal aliens and encourage illegal immigration. As policymakers, democratic forces encourage making

Development Administration Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Development Administration - Coursework Example â€Å"This type of administration or management adapted for the particular needs of developing countries has been referred to interchangeably as development administration or development management†¦Ã¢â‚¬  GSAPS-2008 www.ginandjar.com Some standard processes in development consist of planning, implementation , monitoring of projects. However, the question that one may ask is how well the role of monitoring is done as regards development processes. Phil Bartle expounds on the monitoring aspect in planning and implementation of projects. He emphasized the following: â€Å"A project is a series of activities (investments) that aim at solving particular problems within a given time frame and in a particular location The investments include time, money, human and material resources, Before achieving the objectives, a project goes through several stages: Monitoring should be executed by all individuals and institutions which have an interest (stake holders ) in the project. To effectively implement a project, the people planning and implementing it should plan for all the interrelated stages from the beginning.† As defined by World Bank, an NGO is a non-profit making, voluntary, service-oriented /development oriented organization , either for the for the benefit of members ( a grassroots organization) or of other members of the population (or

Hamstring Tightness Is Common Health And Social Care Essay

Hamstring Tightness Is Common Health And Social Care Essay Among the muscle undergoing adaptive shortening, hamstring is the one commonly going for adaptive shortening. The hamstring comprises of three large muscles namely semimembranosus, semitendinosus, and bicep femoris which arises from the tuberosity of ischium. They are present over the posterior compartment of the thigh and span the hip and knee joints. Hence they are the extensors of the hip and flexors of the knee. Hamstring tightness is common in normal individual because of immobilization of a tissue in a shortened position results in adaptive shortening. As the muscle shortens, its elasticity of the normal tissue was decreased and a change in the length tension relationship of the muscle, loss of flexibility also occurs. Hamstring tightness could make the musculo tendinous unit more susceptible to injury, increase resistance to various anatomical structures, which may lead to overuse syndrome. Tightness could also leads to pathological conditions at the joint on which the muscle acts, especially on a muscle like hamstring which passes over the two joints. Muscle tightness has a significant impact on neuromuscular control. Muscle tightness affects the normal length tension relationships. When one muscle in a force couple becomes tight or hypertonic, it alters the normal arthrokinematics of the involved joint. This affects the synergistic function of the entire kinetic chain, leading to abnormal stress, soft tissue dysfunction, neural compromise and vascular/lymphatic stasis. Muscle tightness also cause reciprocal inhibition. Increased muscle spindle activity in a specific muscle will cause decreased neural drive to that muscles functional antagonist. This alters the normal arthrokinematics of the involved segment. Flexibility has been defined as the ability of a muscle to lengthen and allow one joint (or more than one joint in a series) to move through a range of motion. Anderson and Burke defined Flexibility as the range of motion available in a joint or a group of joint that is influenced by muscles, ligaments and bones. Loss of flexibility means decreased ability of a muscle to deform. Loss of flexibility may lead to decrease in lumbar lordosis, reduction of muscle strength and quadriceps dysfunction during gait, lumbar pelvic rhythm was disturbed, anterior pelvic tilt was restricted, lumbar motion was increased. Excessive mobility of lumbar spine leads to overstretching of lumbar ligaments and consequently pain and instability. (Levangie and Norkin, 2001) Loss of flexibility can also cause pain arising from muscle, connective tissue or periosteum. (Hardy, 1989; Tillmann and Cummings, 1992) With regard to important role of hamstring flexibility restoration of its normal length is necessary. Muscle tissue length is thought to play an important role in efficiency and effectiveness of human movement. Benefits of flexibility is to enhance the range of motion, improved body position, potential relief of aches and pain, protection against low back pain and injuries, reduction of post exercise muscle soreness, and promotes relaxation. Hamstring tightness can be measured using the (1) Active unilateral straight leg raise test, (2) Passive unilateral straight leg raise test, (3) Sit and reach test, (4)Active knee extension test. Straight leg raise test are widely used as a neurologic tests, hence they do not give valid measures of hamstring tightness because of pelvic rotation that occurs during the test. Active knee extension test is the reliable test. Continuous ultrasound therapy increases tendon length by changing their viscosity and plasticity (Ziskin et al, 1986). Skeletal muscles have a higher rate of absorption of ultrasound waves when compared to fatty tissue. (Dyson, 1987; Low and Reed, 1990). Elevation of collagen tissue temperature affects on mechanical and physical characteristics of tissues and facilitates deformation of the collagen. As pain and discomfort was reduced during stretching and collagen fiber ability to tolerate greater forces was increased. Ultrasound increases soft tissue extensibility and may be an effective adjunct in the treatment of knee contractures secondary to connective tissue shortening (Folconer et al, 1992). Static stretching allow the muscle spindle to accommodate, reduces their firing rate; hence static stretch is effective in increasing the length of muscle. (Gordon and Ghez, 1991). Longer hold times during stretching of the hamstring muscles resulted in a greater rate of gains in range of motion (Feland et al, 2001). Stretch duration lower than 30 seconds did not increase muscle flexibility (Beaulien, 1981). Static stretch of 30 seconds is sufficient to increases the hamstring muscle length. Combination of ultrasound therapy with 30 seconds stretch is more effective than ultrasound therapy with 15 seconds stretch in increasing hamstring flexibility (A.Akbari, H.Moodi, A.A.Moein, and R.Nazok 2006). Muscle energy techniques (MET) are manually applied stretching techniques that use principles of neurophysiology to relax overactive muscle and stretch chronically shortened muscles. Muscle energy techniques (MET) have the ability to relax overactive muscles or stretch tight muscles and their associated fascial components when connective tissue or viscoelastic changes have occurred. When using Muscle energy techniques (MET), it is important to relax/inhibit the neuromuscular component before attempting to stretch the involved musculature. Two fundamental neurophysiologic principles account for the neuromuscular inhibition. The first principle of Muscle energy techniques (MET) is post contraction inhibition / autogenic inhibition / post isometric relaxation. The second principle is reciprocal inhibition. Muscle energy technique produced an immediate increase in passive knee extension in individuals with hamstring tightness (Ballantyne 2003). Muscle energy technique is significantly improving the hamstring flexibility in collegiate males (Wassim .M et al 2009). 1.1 NEED FOR THE STUDY: Continuous ultrasound therapy, static stretching, muscle energy technique (MET) are significant in improving hamstring flexibility in individuals with hamstring tightness. These methods of treatment are well accepted and practised by various researchers according to previous literature, but there was no study to compare the effect of muscle energy technique ( MET) and ultrasound therapy with static stretching in improving the hamstring flexibility in individuals with hamstring tightness. So the purpose of this study is to analyse the efficacy of muscle energy technique and ultrasound therapy with static stretching in improving the hamstring flexibility in individuals with hamstring tightness. 1.2 AIMS: To find out the effect of muscle energy technique versus ultrasound therapy with static stretching in improving the hamstring flexibility in individuals with hamstring tightness. 1.3 OBJECTIVES: To study the effect of muscle energy technique in improving the hamstring flexibility in individuals with hamstring tightness. To study the effect of ultrasound therapy with static stretching in improving the hamstring flexibility in individuals with hamstring tightness. To compare the effect of muscle energy technique and ultrasound therapy with static stretching in improving the hamstring flexibility in individuals with hamstring tightness. 1.4 KEYWORDS: Hamstring flexibility, Muscle energy technique, Ultrasound therapy with static stretching, Active knee extension test. 1.5 HYPOTHESIS 1.5.1 NULL HYPOTHESIS: There is no significant effect of muscle energy technique in improving the hamstring flexibility in individuals with hamstring tightness. There is no significant effect of ultrasound therapy with static stretching in improving the hamstring flexibility in individuals with hamstring tightness. There is no significant difference between the effect of muscle energy technique and ultrasound therapy with static stretching in improving the hamstring flexibility in individuals with hamstring tightness. 1.5.2 ALTERNATE HYPOTHESIS There is a significant effect of muscle energy technique in improving the hamstring flexibility in individuals with hamstring tightness. There is a significant effect of ultrasound therapy with static stretching in improving the hamstring flexibility in individuals with hamstring tightness. There is a significant difference between the effect of muscle energy technique and ultrasound therapy with static stretching in improving the hamstring flexibility in individuals with hamstring tightness. II.REVIEW OF LITERATURE HAMSTRING TIGHTNESS: Worrel et al (2003) Stated that hamstring injuries in athletes is mainly due to the lack of hamstring flexibility. Kishner and Colby et al (2002) Stated that adequate mobility of soft tissues and joints is thought to be an important factor in prevention of injury (or) reinjury to soft tissues. Donald E Hartig et al (1999) Stated that increase in hamstring flexibility decreases overuse injuries in lower extremities. Sarhmann.S et al (1997) Stated that muscle tightness and hypertonicity has a significant impact on the neuromuscular control. Muscle tightness affects the normal length tension relationship. Bullock-Saxton.J, Lewit.K et al (1997, 1984) Stated that muscle tightness alters the normal arthrokinematics of the involved joint. This affects the synergistic function leading to abnormal joint stress, soft tissue dysfunction, neural compromise and vascular or lymphatic stasis. Ronald F, Zernickle et al (1996) Stated that extracting flexibility changes related with structural and physiological changes influence the level of physical activity. Zachazewski et al (1989) Stated that loss of flexibility of hamstring may lead to decrease in lumbar lordosis, reduction of muscle strength and quadriceps dysfunction during gait. Cummings, GS, Crutchfeld, CA, Barnes et al (1983) Stated that tightness is referred to mild shortening of a healthy musculo tendinous unit otherwise referred to as a mild transient contracture. A muscle that is tight can be lengthened to all but the outer limits of its range. Normal individual who do not regularly participate in a flexibility program can develop mild myostatic contractures or tightness, particularly in two joint muscles such as hamstrings, rectus femoris or gastronemius. Fox E.L et al (1979) Stated that flexibility enhances movement by improving body awareness with greater ease and dexterity. Lawrence Gold et al Stated that the hamstrings are the muscles that run from behind and below the knees up to the back of the thigh till the sitbones. Soft tissue injuries, knee pain, torn menisci, chondromalacia patella and poor posture often come from tight hamstrings. Tight hamstrings can prevent the individual from reaching full extension or from bending over completely. ULTRASOUND THERAPY WITH STATIC STRETCHING Shadmer.A, Astaneh.H.N, et al (2010) Conducted a study to analyse the effect of two different modes (Continuous versus Pulsed) in decreasing the shortening of hamstrings. Thirty non impaired men aged 20 to 30 years were included. Ultrasound was applied over short hamstrings. Hamstring flexibility was measured by passive knee extension test. Continuous ultrasound of 2W/Cm ², 1MHZ, five minutes and Pulsed ultrasound of 200 µs burst of 1MHZ, 0.5W/Cm ², five minutes was used. They concluded that the heating effects of continuous ultrasound may be more effective than non thermal properties of pulsed ultrasound for increasing the flexibility of shortened hamstrings. Meroni, Roberto, Cerri, Cesare Giuseppe, Lanzarini, Carlo, Barindelli, Guido, Morte, Giancesare Della, Gessaga, Viviana, Cesana, Gian Carlo, DeVito, Giovanni et al (2010) Stated that the gain in flexibility was maintained for a period of 4 weeks after the cessation of training. This improvement was more significantly noticed in active stretching group by using active knee extension test than the passive stretching group. Buker N., Aslan E., Kitis A., Carluk U et al (2008) Stated that the superficial (or) deep heat applications before static stretching exercises shows positive effects to increasing flexibility of hamstring muscles. Nichole Lee Lounsberry et al (2008) Stated that the ultrasound treatment produced greater immediate gains in hamstring extensibility than moist heat packs treatment. A.Akbari, H.Moodi, A.A.Moein and R.Nazok et al (2006) Stated that the gains in range of passive knee extension obtained in continuous therapeutic ultrasound and 30 seconds stretch group were significantly greater than therapeutic ultrasound and 15 seconds stretch group in subjects with tight hamstrings. Denegar C, Saliba E, et al (2006) Stated that 3 MHZ ultrasound provides superficial heating, 1MHZ ultrasound heats tissue at depth of 3-5 cms and is considered to be a deep heating agent. Odunaiya N.A, Hamzat T.K, Ajayi O et al (2004) Stated that statically stretching tight hamstrings for any duration between 15 and 120 seconds on alternate days for six weeks would significantly increase its flexibility. The effect was also sustained for upto 7 days post intervention. Trae Sakiyo Tashiro et al (2003) Stated that the clinically practical parameters of thermal ultrasound in conjunction with static stretching is an effective way of increasing hamstring extensibility but ultrasound application location didnt showed difference in increasing knee extension range of motion in a healthy population. C.D.Weijer et al (2003) Stated that the static stretching is one of the safest and most commonly performed stretching methods used to measure muscle length. Feland et al (2001) Reported that longer hold times during stretching of the hamstring muscles resulted in a greater rate of gain in range of motion. Prentice WE, McClure M, Becker RO et al (2001) Stated that when slow stretch applied to muscle, golgi tendon organ get stimulated and thereby muscle tension is reduced. This leads is to an increase in length of muscle. Robert and Wilson et al (1999) Stated that static stretching increases muscle length by allowing muscle spindle to adapt overtime and cease fired. It also elicits golgi tendon response and therefore provides an effective flexibility training stimulus. William D Bandy et al (1996) Stated that a static stretch of 30 seconds at a frequency of single session is sufficient to increase the muscle length. Bandy WD, Irion JM et al (1995) Stated that the duration of 30 seconds of stretching is an effective time of enhancing the flexibility of the hamstring muscles. Bandy WD, Irion JM et al , Lentell G, Hetherington T et al, Madding SW et al (1994 ) Stated that Static stretching is a method of stretching in which the muscles and connective tissue being stretched are held in a stationary position at their greatest possible length for some period. When using static stretching on a clinical basis, stretches should be held a minimum of 15 to 30 seconds. Chan et al (1993) Stated that tendon reaches greater temperature and heat more quickly than muscle and the tendon was able to maintain vigorous heating for longer period than muscle. Draper D, Sunderland S, Kirkendall et al (1993) Stated that tendon tissue is less vascularized than muscle tissue; tendons will retain heat for longer periods of time. Folconer et al (1992) Stated that ultrasound increases soft tissue extensibility and may be an effective adjunct in the treatment of knee contractures secondary to connective tissue shortening. Gordon and Ghez et al (1991) Stated that static stretching may be effective in increasing the length of muscle due to the prolonged stretching which allows the muscle spindle to adapt over time and cease firing. Low and Reed et al (1990) , Dyson et al (1987) Stated that low absorption of ultrasound waves is seen in tissues that are in water content (eg.,fat), whereas absorption is higher in tissues rich in protein (e.g., skeletal muscle). Warren C, Lehman J, Koblanski J, Strickler T, Malone T, Masock A, Garrett W et al (1990) Stated that ultrasound therapy can be used to target the collagen rich tendinous unit of the hamstring muscle because of its ability to penetrate deeper tissues, and shown that increasing the temperature of collagen to 40 ° Celsius will increase the elasticity of the tissue. This increased extensibility allows for an even distribution of force and reduces the stress on localized areas of the tissue. Gajdosik RL , Godges JJ et al (1989) Stated that a low intensity maintained stretch that is applied gradually is less likely to facilitate the stretch reflex and increase tension in the muscle being lengthened. This is called static stretch. Ziskin et al (1986) Stated that an increasing in tendon length following continuous ultrasound therapy is due to change of their viscosity and plasticity. Beaulien et al (1981) Stated that stretch duration lower than 30 seconds didnt increase muscle flexibility. Coakley et al (1978) Stated that frequency of 1MHZ ultrasound used for patients with more subcutaneous fat who sustained injuries at deeper level because of its penetration to a depth of 3 to 5 cms. Lehman et al (1968) Emphasized on the thermal effects of continuous ultrasound compared to other heating modalities in increasing hamstring flexibility. De Vries HA et al (1962) Stated that static stretching offers advantages of using less overall force, decreasing the danger of exceeding the tissue extensibility limits, lower energy requirement, and a lower likelihood of muscle soreness. Static stretching also has less effect on the Ia and II spindle afferent fibres than ballistic stretching, which would tend to increase a muscles resistance to stretch and facilitate golgi tendon organ, thereby reducing the contractile elements resistance to deformation. MUSCLE ENERGY TECHNIQUE: Ahmad Faheem, Ahmad Shamin, Anjani Agarwal, Begum Shabana, Ram C.S, Waseem Mohd et al (2010) Conducted a study in Indian collegiate males on hamstring flexibility by comparing the effectiveness of muscle energy technique and eccentric training. Total of twenty males with hamstring tightness falling between age group of 18-25 years were included in the study. Hamstring tightness was measured by popliteal angle/active knee extension test. One group was treated with muscle energy technique and the other with eccentric training. This study stated that hamstring flexibility can be improved with muscle energy technique using post isometric relaxation than eccentric training. Wassim M et al (2009) Reported that muscle energy technique using post isometric relaxation significantly improving the hamstring flexibility (by active knee extension test) in normal Indian collegiate males with hamstring tightness. Azadeh Shadmehr, Mohmmed Reza Hadian, Sedigheh Sadet Naiemi, Shohreh Jalaie et al (2009) Concluded that the hamstring stretches in normal young women using either static stretch or muscle energy technique had similar effects on restoring flexibility to hamstrings. Madeline Smith, Gary Fryer et al (2008) Stated that the muscle energy technique is effective in increasing hamstring extensibility, and there appeared to be sustained improvement one week following the initial treatment. Ross A, Clark et al (2008) Stated that muscle energy technique can produces creep and plastic changes in the connective tissue thereby the length of the muscle can be increased. Lindsey Samilian et al (2007) Stated that muscle energy technique is a method used to strengthen weak muscles, lengthen the short muscles (or) increase a muscles range of motion. These techniques involve stretch during which a reciprocal force is imposed on the targeted muscle for short period of time, causing the muscle to relax and stretch further. Ballantyne F, Fryer G, MC.Laughlin P et al (2003) Conducted a study to find the effectiveness of muscle energy technique in increasing passive knee extension and to explore the mechanism behind any observed change. Forty asymptomatic subjects between age of 18 to 45 years were randomly allocated to experimental and control group. Experimental group was given with muscle energy technique and Control group with no treatment. They concluded that muscle energy technique produced an immediate increase in passive knee extension. This observed change is due to an increased tolerance to stretch. Chaitlow L, Liebenson C et al (2001) The other name for Muscle energy technique is active muscular relaxation technique. Freyer G et al (2000), Richard L, Gajodsik, Melonie A, Rieck and Debra K et al (1993) Stated that an increase in flexibility after muscle energy technique occurred due to biomechanical or neurophysiologic changes or due to an increase in tolerance to stretching. Lewit et al (1999) Concluded that post isometric relaxation is directed towards relaxation of hypertonic muscle, especially if this relates to reflex contraction or the involvement of myofascial trigger points. Lewit, Libenson, Murphy et al (1999) Stated that post isometric relaxation is an excellent technique for treating neuromuscular component muscle of a stiff, shortened or tight muscle. Lewit et al (1999), Greenman et al (1989) Suggested that in muscle energy technique, the holding time of 7-10 seconds is more effective than 3-5 seconds. Kuchera et al (1997) Stated that increase in range of motion of a joint after Muscle energy technique is based on neurological mechanism via inhibitory golgi tendon reflex. Muscle energy technique activates this reflex during isometric muscle contraction. Muscle energy technique produces a stretch on golgi tendon organ and a reflex relaxation of muscle. Goodridge and Kuchera et al (1997) Suggested that 3 repetitions of isometric contractions is optimal in applying muscle energy technique. Lederman et al (1997) Stated that a viscoelastic change in muscle is responsible for the increase in muscle flexibility after muscle energy technique. Chaitlow L et al (1997) Stated that the isometric contraction should be held for 10 seconds. This is the time required to stimulate the excitatory threshold of the golgi tendon organ, which has a neurophysiologic inhibitory effect on the muscle spindle. This provides the opportunity to take the muscle into a new range of motion. Following the isometric contraction, there is a latency period of approximately 25 to 30 seconds, during which the muscle can be stretched. Philip Greenman et al (1996) Stated that manual medicine treatment procedure includes Muscle energy technique which involves the contraction of the subjects muscle by the voluntary effort in a precisely controlled direction, at different levels of intensity, against a counterforce applied by the operator. This procedure can be used to lengthen a shortened, contracted or spastic muscle; to strengthen a physiologically weakened muscle; to reduce localized oedema, to mobilize an articulation with restricted mobility. Ward, Robert C et al (1990) Stated that muscle energy technique is an active, direct technique (engaging the barrier) that promotes muscle relaxation by activating the golgi tendon reflex. Libenson et al (1989) Stated that muscle energy technique is effective in treating the muscle tension disorder and it effectively relaxes stretches, strengthens the muscles and re-educate abnormal sensory motor pathway. Lewit et al (1986) Stated that when a muscle is isometrically contracted its antagonist will be inhibited and reduce tone immediately. Stiles and Greenman et al (1984) Suggested that muscles which requires stretching (agonist) should be the main source of energy for isometric contractions and achieves a more significant degrees of relaxation and so a more useful ability to subsequently stretch the muscle were the relaxation effect being achieved through use of antagonist (using reciprocal inhibition). ACTIVE KNEE EXTENSION TEST: C.M. Norris et al (2005) Stated that active knee extension test when used in conjunction with goniometry, accurate surface making, and manual monitoring of the test leg is a reliable measure of hamstring muscle length. M.Mathews et al (2005) Stated that active knee extension represents maximum length of hamstring muscles. Denise M. Cameron, Richard W. Bohannon et al (1985) Stated that active knee extension test is said to be a useful alternative to the straight leg raise test for providing an indication of hamstring muscle length. Gajdosik R.L et al (1983) Stated that active knee extension test is a more objective measure of hamstring tightness which produces high reliability co-efficient. III. METHODOLOGY 3.1 STUDY DESIGN: Pre test and post test experimental group study design. 3.2 STUDY SETTING: Study will be conducted at Physiotherapy Out Patient Department, KG College of Physiotherapy, Coimbatore. 3.3 STUDY DURATION: Total duration was one year. Individual received the treatment for the duration of one week. 3.4 POPULATION STUDIED: 30 normal individuals with hamstring tightness who fulfilled the predetermined inclusive and exclusive criteria were selected and divided into two experimental groups by simple random sampling method. Each group consists of 15 patients. Groups are named as group A and group B 3.5 CRITERIA FOR SELECTION 3.5.1 INCLUSIVE CRITERIA: Age between 18 to 25 years Both males and females Normal individuals with tight hamstrings (inability to achieve greater than 160 ° knee extension with hip at 90 ° flexion.) 3.5.2EXCLUSIVE CRITERIA: Low back pain Acute or chronic. Hamstring injury Acute or chronic. Soft tissue injuries around knee. Pregnancy. Metal implants in lower extremity. Recent fracture and stiffness in lower extremity. 3.6 VARIABLES: 3.6.1 INDEPENDENT VARIABLES: Muscle energy technique. Ultrasound therapy with Static stretching. 3.6.2 DEPENDENT VARIABLES: Hamstring flexibility. 3.7 PARAMETERS: Hamstring flexibility 3.8 MEASUREMENT TOOLS: Active knee extension test. Active knee extension test was used for measurement of hamstring tightness. The subject was instructed to lie on their back with hip and knees bent 90 degrees. Pelvic movement was controlled by the use of straps. By using the lateral condyle of femur as the goniometric axis, the stationary arm positioned along the femur, and the movable arm was positioned parallel to the leg. Keep hip and knee in 90 degrees then instruct the subject to straighten the knee as for as possible till a sensation of stretch being felt. Repeat the same for three times and mean were measured as the final result. 3.9 PROCEDURE: GROUP A: MUSCLE ENERGY TECHNIQUE. TECHNIQUE USED: Post isometric relaxation. INDIVIDUALS POSITION: Supine lying. PROCEDURE: Ask the individuals to assume supine position. Therapist flexes the affected hip fully and then extends the flexed knee with the back of lower leg resting on the shoulder of the therapist who stands facing the head of the table. Individual is asked to flex i.e. causing downward pressure against the therapist shoulder with the back of lower leg at the same time therapist resist the individuals voluntary effort so that, slight isometric contraction of hamstrings develops and individuals hold this for 10 seconds. After this effort, the individual is asked to exhale and relax the muscle completely. Then the therapist takes the muscle to its new restriction barrier without stretch. Starting from this new barrier, the same procedure is repeated two or three more times. FREQUENCY OF TREATMENT: Once in a day. TREATMENT DURATION: One week. GROUP B: ULTRASOUND THERAPY WITH STATIC STRETCHING: ULTRASOUND THERAPY: INDIVIDUALS POSITION: Prone lying PARAMETERS: FREQUENCY: 1 MHz INTENSITY: 2W/cm ² MODE: Continuous. AREA OF APPLICATION: Hamstring area DURATION: Five Minutes daily (Two minutes for medial hamstrings, Two minutes for lateral hamstrings and One min for between the two tendon). FREQUENCY OF TREATMENT: Once in a day TREATMENT DURATION: One week STATIC STRETCHING: TECHNIQUE USED: Active static stretching. INDIVIDUALS POSITION: Standing position. PROCEDURE: Subjects performed the hamstring stretch by standing erect with the foot planted on the floor and toes pointed forward. The heel of the foot to be stretched was placed on a plinth with the toes directed towards the ceiling. The subject then flexed forward at the hip, maintaining the spine in neutral position while reaching the arm forward. The subjects continued to flex the hip until a gentle stretch was felt in the posterior thigh. Then hold this position for 30 seconds and then relax for 10 seconds and repeat the same procedure for three more times a day. FREQUENCY OF TREATMENT: Once in a day. TREATMENT DURATION: One week 3.10 STATISTICAL TOOLS The following statistical tools used in this study is Paired t-test and Unpaired t-test Formula: Paired t-test = Where, = difference between the pre test versus post test = mean difference = total number of subjects = standard deviation Unpaired t-test was used to compare the mean difference between Group A and Group B. Formula: Unpaired t-test Where, = Mean of Group A = Mean of Group B Æ’Â ¥ = sum of the value n1 = number of subjects in Group A n1 = number of subjects in Group B S = standard deviation Level of significance: 5% IV.DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION TABLE-1 PAIRED t TEST PRE TEST AND POST TEST VALUES OF GROUP A GROUP A MUSCLE ENERGY TECHNIQUE HAMSTRING FLEXIBILITY ACTIVE KNEE EXTENSION The comparative mean values, mean differences, standard deviation and Paired t test values of Group A , who were treated with Muscle energy Technique. S.NO GROUP A MEAN MEAN DEVIATION

ERADICATION OF CHILD LABOUR :: essays research papers

Registration No. F-509/Latur PEOPLE’S INSTITUTE OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT, (PIRD) AN APPEAL EDUCATIONAL AWARENESS PROGRAMME FOR ERADICATION OF CHILD LABOUR 1. Background of the Organisation : Inspired by the Nationwide call of Mahatma Gandhi ‘March towards Village,’ People’s Institute of Rural Development - PIRD was established in the year 1983. PIRD is working for landless labour, poor farmers, child labour & women groups related to rural development programmes. Campaign against child labour and education for child labour are also our major programmes. 2. Facts about Child Labour : We always compare children with flowers and butterflies because of their common virtues like innocence, ever present freshness and tension free lifestyle. We do not differentiate between children and butterflies as far as their playfulness is concerned. We also consider our children as future pillars of our Nation. But the reality is stark opposite and very pathetic which will disturb any good hearted human of our society. Presently, about 11 crores children of age group 9 to 14 , are working as child labours. This makes 10% of our total population. All these children have missed out pleasant moments of their childhood and ultimately they will remain away from the mainstream of social development. If we as a society ignore these facts and neglect this situation, it may prove to be harmful to all of us. 3. Role of PIRD : For the last 8 years, PIRD is taking various innovative steps for prevention and eradication of child labour. The organisation has arranged different programmes like non-formal education, Bridge course camp, Campaign for educational awareness, educational centre at village level and overall social awareness, etc. for child labours. Though this approach has not proved to be very successful, it has definitely made at least a partial impact on the overall campaign. After visualizing the gravity of the problem, it becomes absolutely necessary for everyone to participate for the cause of total eradication of child labour. We are aware that the success of the programme depends on every ones active participation. The main cause of the child labour is economical, though level of education and social backwardness are also important factors. If we try to solve these problems, the rate of child labour will reduce by 50 percent. With this confidence, for the last three years we are conducting th e programmes of educational awareness for eradication of child labour. 4. Causes of Child Labour : Problems faced by parents, social backwardness, illiteracy and dislike for schooling, etc.

Wobbling Pivot

The Wobbling pivot was that there was two men fighting over a bicycle and there were people listening to them in Attainment Square. There was a riot that had happened in China where there was a riot that happened and there were a lot of people protesting for domestic tranquility in Beijing. In the streets of Changing there were people in taxis and most of them that took a ride was businessman and foreigners because the fares prices were very high. There were policeman that were extremely violent or didn't care about their actions about how hey treated people in certain cities and china as a whole was corrupted.For example when some girl had been raped and killed there was no Justice against that and the family pleaded for a trial and they got it but it took a while. Another example is when the girl had got murdered and was raped and she died and the young girl funeral was held but officials said that killing is not a crime. Also there were people trying to fight for their individual rights like people had anger over the unsafe mines and the polluted water that was not safe to drink. There were unsafe working intuitions and endless demands of local officials for bribes and sex privileges.There had been a problem with the farming with the water supplies poisoned and their crops being ruined and there could be rising Incidences of cancer and that was a panic. There were peoples homes destroyed for no apparent reason and If they resisted thousands were fined and even going to Jail some of the time. The main two things that the officials wanted were money and power which they only got If from family or any kind of racial connections. There were many cities that were under attack in China and the people still protested and many were killed and very few police officers.If you broke any laws In China you may have been sentenced to death regarding these protests. There were other things Like Education, public safety; food security and culture were nit high state spendin g priorities but they focused more on passing examinations which meant you were a certain elite status. The state did not supply food, housing or water so It was up to you for survival Wobbling Pivot: Chapter 1 summary By Patriarchate-Spacewalking ring to fight for their individual rights like people had anger over the unsafe mines crops being ruined and there could be rising incidences of cancer and that was a panic.There were peoples homes destroyed for no apparent reason and if they things that the officials wanted were money and power which they only got if from police officers. If you broke any laws in China you may have been sentenced to death regarding these protests. There were other things like Education, public safety; food supply food, housing or water so it was up to you for survival